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A TREATISE

Ecclesiastical Hemldry

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W. & A. K. JOHNSTON

EDINBURGH AND LONDON

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LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

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(3)

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(2 Copies).

liSTTRODUCTIOI^,

Although the present volume is published indepen- dently, and a large portion of its contents has been in MS. for a considerable time, it may yet be considered as in some sort a continuation of, or supplement to, "A Treatise on Heraldry, British and Foreign," published in 1892. The reader will not therefore expect to find in it information which is already fully supplied in the larger work, and the present book is in no sense an introduction to Heraldry in general. On the contrary as it deals only with a limited but very interesting branch of Armorial Science it presupposes the posses- sion of a certain knowledge of Heraldry on the part of its readers ; and though it is hoped that others who are as yet without that special knowledge may find in the pages of the work many matters of interest, it is obvious that a full appreciation of its information can only be made by those who have a fair acquaintance with the general subject. Manuals of, and Introductions to, Heraldry have been sufficiently abundant. For the most part compilations from their predecessors, and showing very little original investigation or research, the cratnbe repetita has been dished up ad nauseam ; but more advanced treatises, or books like the present, dealing more fully with particular branches of the subject than is possible in a general work, have been very few and far between. So far as I know no work of this kind exists at home or abroad. The object of this treatise is

A

(ii)

to deal with the science of Heraldry from an Ecclesi- astical point of view: to give information as to the Armorial Insignia of Episcopal Sees, Abbeys, Religious Foundations, and Communities at home and abroad ; to indicate the various manners in which Ecclesiastics of different grades have borne their arms, and combined their personal with their official insignia ; and fully to describe those ornaments and external additions to the shield by which Ecclesiastical ranks and offices have been, and are, distinguished.

Accordingly the work consists of Two Parts. The First deals with the general use of Armorial Insignia by the Ecclesiastics of the Western Church from the earliest times to the present. This portion contains much curious and out of the way information on subjects which have never yet been fully treated by an English writer. Its information and illustrations have been gathered not only from collections of coins, medals, and seals, and from many scarce works, unknown to the general reader, which are only accessible in Public Libraries of the first class, but are also largely derived from the extensive notes made by me in a lengthened experience of over thirty years' travel in Italy, Germany, France, Spain, etc.

In the course of that time I have always had in mind a work on the present lines, and consequently have amassed, in an area which extends from the Peninsula to Poland and from Sicily to Sweden, the information which I have now the pleasure to make accessible. It is confidently hoped that the artist, and the collector of books, plate, seals, china, bookplates, etc., as well as the antiquary and student of Heraldry, will find here much that is useful and interesting.

The Second Part contains an enlargement and correc- tion of the " Notice of the Arms of the Episcopates of Great Britain and Ireland, with Heraldic Notes," written

( iii )

by me in illustration of a series of illuminated coats of arms, published by A. Warren in 1868. This book (of which Her Majesty the Queen was pleased to accept the dedication) has been long out of print, and repeated requests have been made to me that its letterpress should be reprinted. This is now done, with much additional historical information, with some corrections, and a new series of plates.

This portion of the work also includes the arms of the numerous colonial Sees, and those of the chief Abbeys and Religious Houses, the Deaneries, and other ancient Ecclesiastical Foundations in England.

The Continental portion of this section contains the blazon of the arms of the Popes from 1 144 to the present time ; an account of the great Religious Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire ; and much historical and heraldic information with regard to the principal Sees, Religious Houses and Chapters in Germany, Italy, France, Poland, and the Low Countries ; as well as the arms and devices of the most important religious Orders and communities ; and of the British and some foreign Universities.

The number of coats of arms blazoned in the work exceeds a thousand.

In the Appendices will be found much curious matter in the essays "On the use of Supporters by Ecclesiastics," and *' On the Continental Chapters, with their P reaves de Noblesse r and I venture here to direct the special attention of my readers to them, because considerations of space have required that they should be printed in smaller type than the rest of the work, and they arc thus in some danger of escaping notice. As much of the subject matter of the book should be of interest to others besides those who belong to my own branch of the Catholic Church, I have been careful in the statement of facts to avoid any expression which might jar upon

(iv)

the sensibilities of those who differ from me on some theological matters ; I trust that the confidence in my fairness, which induced Ecclesiastics (and others) of high position in another communion to take an interest in the progress of the work, has been fully justified.

While I have been careful by the use of abundant references in the pages of the book to give the sources of my information with regard to matters which had not come under my personal observation, I think it right also to express here, in general terms, an acknowledge- ment of my obligations to the published works* on general heraldry of the great German armorial writers, Spener and Siebmacher. The outlines of some of the illustrations have been taken from Triers, Ein- leitung zu der Wapen-Kunst; and from Magneney, Recueil des Armes.

In some portions of the work I have been frequently indebted to POTTHAST*S invaluable Wegwetser durch die Geschichtswerke des Europdischen Mittelalters^ and to Janauschek'S book Originum Cisterciensuun,

My thanks are due to PERCEVAL LAN DON, Esquire, of Hertford College, Oxford, for placing at my service the interesting and valuable notes on the Heraldry of the Oxford Colleges which he is now printing in the Arclueologia Oxoniensis.

The excellent Index, which adds so greatly to the value of a book of this description, and which has been a work of more than usual difficulty, has been compiled by George Harvey Johnston, Esquire, who rendered the like service in the previous volumes.

In a work which deals so largely with names of persons and places, as well as with technicalities, errors (and not merely orthographical ones) will sometimes escape that which has appeared to be the closest and most careful vigilance. While I can hardly hope that my experience in this respect will be entirely different

( V)

from that of my predecessors, or render this preliminary apology altogether unnecessary, I may yet say that I have done what I could to make it so. And in this con- nection I desire to express my thanks to my friend the Rev. J. Myers Danson, D.D., of Aberdeen, who has obligingly revised most of the proof sheets, and has thus been of very considerable assistance to me and to my readers.

•

" Feci quod potui, melius alter facial opus."

JOHN WOODWARD.

MON TROSK, \ St Jan. 1894.

SYNOPSIS.

PART I.

CHAPTER I.

Miliury Origin of Armorial Bearings — Their adoption for Secular Purposes — Seals, authentic and forged — Personal Effigies on Ecclesiastical Seals — Seals of Benedictine and Cistercian Abbots — Personal Arms introduced — The various kinds of Seals — Ancient gems— Arms of Sees and Abbeys, how com- posed—The Crosier, or Pastoral Staff— Ecclesiastical Founda- tions of the Kings of France — Arms of Italian Sees — Arms assumed — Preuves de Noblesse — Brisures, Marks of Cadency, or of Illegitimacy, in Ecclesiastical Arms — The Mitre as a Heraldic Charge — Series of Seals of the Benedictine Abbots of Molk —Arms on Ecclesiastical Vestments, etc. pp. 3 — 31

CHAPTER II.

External Heraldic Ornaments, Spiritual and Temporal — The Coronet, its use on the Continent— The Temporal Sword- Helmets and Crests used by Ecclesiastics — MiUtar)' Fiefs held by Ecclesiastics — The Church Militant — The Ecclesi- astical Hat, etc pp. 32 — 38

CHAPTER III.

ECCLESI.\ST1CS BELOW ARHATIAL RANK.

Arms in a Cartouche— The Bircita^ and the Ecclesiastical Hat — The Chanter^s Baton — Protonotaries — Canons and Chatwinesses — Noble Chapters — Their Insignia -The use of the Amess, or

I f

( viii )

Amusse, at Home and Abroad — Mitred Canons and Digni- taries— Lay Honorary Canons — Priors and Prioresses — The Bourdon — The Pastoral Staff—Mitred Priors — Provosts and Deans— Official Arms of Cathedral Dignitaries — Clerical Members, and Officers of Military Orders of Knighthood — Chaplains of the Order of St John — Canons of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, etc. pp. 39 — 57

CHAPTER IV.

ABBOTS AND ABBESSES.

Crosier, or Pastoral Staff— Its Histor>' — The Celtic Stafi*-- The Bachul More, and S. Fillan'S Quigrich — The Crutch, or Tau-headed Staff— Mediaeval Crosiers — The Mitre — Its History — Anglo-Saxon Mitres — Different kinds of Mitres — Their Colour — Abb^s-commendataires — Custodinos — Abb^s Rt^gulters— The Sudarium — The Abbatial Hat — Ensigns of Temporal Jurisdiction —Ecclesiastical Princes and Princesses — The Cordeli^re pp. 58 — 78

CHAPTER V.

BISHOPS.

cial Arms, how borne — Bishops Elect — The Ecclesiastical Pairs de France — French Coronations — Arms of the Pairies- The Mantle — German, Italian, and French Usages — The Mitre and Pastoral Staff— The Temporal Sword — Military Fiefs — Helmets — English Uses — The Episcopal Hat — Tem- poral Dignities attached to Ecclesiastical Offices— Coronets — The Mitre as a Crest — Gonfanons — Advouds — Vidames, etc.

pp. 79—107

CHAPTER VI.

archbishops, legates, primates, PATRIARCHS.

\ Pallium — Exceptional uses of it — The Arch i -episcopal Cross — Legates — Temporal Dignities — Primates and Patriarchs — The Double-traversed Cross — The Archi-episcopal Hat — The Patriarchal Tiara, etc pp. 108 — 133

( ix )

CHAPTER VII.

CARDINALS.

The Red Hat, biretta^ and calotte— \Jst of Coronets — Cardinals from Regular Orders — Arms of Patronage — Composed Arms

pp. 134- 149

CHAPTER VIII.

POPES.

The Tiara — The Keys — The Triple-Cross — The ferula — The Pavilion de VEglise — " Cardinal Camerlengo " sede vtuante— Popes from Regular Orders — Supporters of Papal Arms

pp. 150—157

CHAPTER IX.

POPES.

Arms of the Popes from 1444- 1894 . pp. 158-167

PART II.

CHAPTER I.

Arms of En(;lish, Scottish, and Irish Sees blazoned, with His- torical and Heraldic Notes — Anns of English Deaneries, and certain Ecclesiastical Foundations pp. 171 — 228

CHAPTER II.

Arms of Colonial Sees pp.229 — 251

CHAPTER III.

Archbishops and Bishops, Electors and Princes of the Holy

Roman Empire, and in Central Europe . pp. 252—333

(x)

CHAPTER IV.

Abbeys, and other Princely Foundations of the Empire

PP- 334-35"

CHAPTER V.

Arms of Abbeys and other Religious Houses in GREAT Britain

PP- 352—393

CHAPTER VI.

Abbeys, Monasteries, etc. in Germany, Switzerland, France, the Low Countries, and Styria pp. 394—411

CHAPTER VII.

ARMS AND DEVICES OF REGULAR RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.

The Order of S. Benedict— "Black Friars"— The Cistercian Order — Semi-religious Military Orders in the Peninsula — The Bernardines, Feuillants, Trappists — Congr^galion de SL Maur—Les Ft lies Anglaises—CujG'iiixcs — The Car- thusian Order — Chartreux— /^'^ Petits Augusiins — les Augustins cUchauss^s — AUGUSTINE CANONS — "The Black Canons" — The Premonstratensians — " The White Canons' — The Franciscans— Minorites, Frtres mineurs — Corde- uers— Observantins, les ^/r^//d7j— Capuchins— TiERCE- lins — The Dominicans, Fr^res /'M-Z/^ri/rj- Jacobins— The Carmelites — Minimcs — Bonshommcs — Servites — Ma- thurins, or Trinitarians— The Jesuits —The Nuns of the Visitation— The Gilbertines— The Celestines— Order OF Camaldoli— Ursulines— Th]£.\tins — Oratorians

pp. 412—425

CHAPTER VIII.

ARMS OF universities AND COLLEGES.

English Universities :— Oxford — Cambridge — Anns of Regius-Professors at Cambridge— Durham and affiliated Colleges — London— Victoria University.

(xi )

Scottish Universities :— St. Andrews — Glasgow — Aber- deen—Edinburgh.

Irish Universities :— The University of Dublin— Trinity College— The Royal University of Ireland.

Universities of Melbourne and Sydney.

Foreign Universities -.—Heidelberg — Paris — Prague— Mentz — Greifswald — Basel — Gratz — Salzburg —

NURNBERG — BrESLAU — BESANCJON — CaEN — VaLENCE

— CoLN — WiEN (Vienna) — Erfurt — Bologna — other Italian Universities pp. 426—456

APPENDIX A.

ON THE USE OF SUPPORTERS BY ECCLF-SIASTICS.

English and Scottish Examples — Modem Instances — Foreign Examples — Papal Supporters . pp. 457*471

APPENDIX B.

CONTINENTAL CHAPTERS ; AND PREUVKS DE NOHLESSK.

Nobility — Its legal definition — Continental noblesse — The feudal system in Germany and Gaul — The Tourneys — Ebenbiirtig- keit — Nobility by Diploma — Freie^ und IMbei^rene — Scrvi- tiuni mi/it are — Miitel-freie — Semper liberi — A delige — Nobiles- minores — Patrician, or Burgess, families of the " Free Cities " — Proofs of Nobility — The German Chapters and their require- ments—Canonesses — Italian Chapters and Orders — French Chapters — Canons-Counts — Chanoinesses-Comtesses — Noble Chapters in the Low Countries — Dames-Che^'alit^res at NiVELLE — Badges and Decorations — Noble Chapters in Austria, Bavaria, Sweden, and Denmark pp. 472—495

APPENDIX C. Papal Grant of Mitre to the Abbot of Kklso. p. 495

(xii ) • APPENDIX D.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE ARMS OF THE ENGLISH SEES.

Episcopal Arms assumed — Episcopal right of mutation — What constitutes "authority" — GLOUCESTER — Salisbury — Bangor— Hereford — Durham— Wells— Canterbury— Roman Catholic Sees j)|). 495 — 499

APPENDIX E. Seai^, ETC., OF American Bishops . pp. 499—500

APPENDIX F. List of thk Sees in France at various times pp. 501—503

LIST OF PLATES.

[. Aran of ArchbUliops, Cardintla, etc. [. ., of Ahb«]r«, Buhops, anil Anihb [. „ of CkDODi, Abhi «i<1 Prior . „ of Protonoterjr til BiBNAaii, h

'. iJrettt, BftilgM, etc. i. Arm of Dean of St. Orrhain l'Al'x Abbj l)B Tbihat . ,. of AbbcHet . I. Milrn, etc.. from Ancient Seali .

X.	,. of l->cli*iui.ti™l	•Pain.U	Fninet"
XI.	., of Hi,.h-ii*<jrD0L,andCAH01us .
XII.	,. of I'fiiiw-llisliop	[.fMiT/
XIII.		John, el*
XIV,	.. of A™hbi«bo|w of Bosukaux, ui<I Roi*
XV.	„ of l-riii«..\rchl.	<ho|w, anil Elector.
XVI.	., .'^Jw^Ld.		1 ?;li;ctor
XVII.	.. «f Arohl.i>liop Dt" MKnici	Baiha,	nn<l Cftr.1
XVII I.	.. uf Cnnlinal. RK'H	ELlKl- an.1	llBIHLtK
XIX.	.. of Po|*» I'lf!. IX	anil Lko	'illl. .
XX.	.. of Eogliah SeeH
XXI.	.. of Engli.li S«a
XXII.	„ of English Smo
XXIII.	.. of Engliih Sees
XXIV.	,. of Engli-li Seen
XXV.	,. of EngliBb See.
XXVI.	„ of Iri.li See. .
XXVII.	„ of Iriih See. .
XXVIII.	„ o! Irieb «.i.l Soot	wli S«e>.
XXIX.	,, of Scotti.li See.
XXX.	.. of (.'olonisl See*
XXXI.	„ of Colonial See.
XXXII.	., of C'olonUI See.
XXXIII.	„ of Colonial See.
XXXIV.	„ of Colonial See<
XXXV.	„ of Colonial See.
XXXVI.	.Vri/,, Medal, etc. .

PART I

B

i^ttUmiiiml ^tvMv^.

CHAPTER I.

Military Origin of Armorial Bearings — Their adoption for Secular Purposes— Seals, authentic and forged — Personal Effigies on Ecclesiastical Seals — Seals of Benedictine and Cistercian Abbots — Personal Arms introduced — The various kinds of Seals — Ancient gems— Arms of Sees and Abbeys, how com- posed— The Crosier, or Pastoral Staff— Ecclesiastical Founda- tions of the Kings of France — Arms of Italian Sees — Arms assumed — Preuves dc Noblesse — Brisures, Marks of Cadency, or of Illegitimacy, in Ecclesiastical Arms — The Mitre as a Heraldic Charge— Series of Seals of the Benedictine Abbots of M 61k — Arms on Ecclesiastical Vestments, etc.

It is no part of the design of this treatise to deal in detail with the Origin of Armorial Bearings, or to set out the general principles which regulate their use.

It is sufficient to say here that arms as at present used are distinctly of military origin, and arose from the necessity of there being some means by which individuals, though sheathed in armour which concealed the visage, might be readily distinguished by their followers, in warfare, or in those military exercises which were its preparation and rehearsal. Anna sunt distinguendi causA, The devices adopted for this purpose, at first of a simple character, emblazoned upon the shield, and then spreading to the banner, the surcoat, and the caparisons of the horses, were of such evident utility for

( 4 )

the purpose above indicated, that their use soon became general in civilised Europe ; and we may probably find in the gatherings of the princes and nobles of all nation- alities for the Crusades the motive for the adoption of a more definite system to regulate the use of armorial bearings than had prevailed in earlier times, before they had become fixed and hereditary.

But armorial bearings were not only of value from a military point of view, they became of hardly less importance in civil life. The custom of authenticating legal documents by seals bearing the personal devices of the contracting parties, led the way to the adoption of heraldic insignia even by those to whom they were not necessary for military purposes. Shields of arms thus came to be adopted for Ecclesiastical dignitaries, for Bishoprics, Abbeys, and Religious Communities ; not merely because it often happened that, under the feudal system, they had to furnish for the military necessities of the state their quota of armed men whom it was needful to distinguish from others by the military insignia of banner or shield ; but because the adoption of a definite device was found both by Religious and Civil dignitaries and communities a very convenient way for indicating their status upon the seals attesting the authenticity of the charters and other documents to which they were appended.

Not only this, but the use of seals became compulsor>' by law. The Statutum de apportis religiosorum (35. Edward I., 1307) enacts that every religious House should have a common-seal, which should be in the custody not of the abbot only, as had been the case before, but of four others, "de dignioribus et discreti- oribus," of the convent ; and that every grant to which this seal was not affixed should be null and void.

This was not, as some have thought, because so few people in those times could write ; on the contrary,

(5 )

the majority of ecclesiastics and members of religious houses were at least equal to a formal signature ; but rather because, while signatures could be forged with- out great difficulty, the engraving of a seal demanded both time and special ability of a kind not generally found. Not that • frauds were altogether precluded. Sometimes the matrices of metal were stolen to provide the means of authenticating forged documents. In 1 3 1 8, for example, some clerics excommunicated by the Arch- deacon of Poissy, treacherously attacked and mortally wounded the sigillifer of that ecclesiastic, robbed him of the ^' seel aux causes'' {v, p. 9) of his master, and used it in the fabrication of letters of absolution. (Quoted by Lecoy DE la Marche from the Registre du Parlevient, cited in the Collection des Sceaux of DOUET d'Arcq.)

At other times, the same writer tells us, authentic seals were removed from the documents to which they be- longed, and attached to others of more importance. A cleric of the Diocese of Narbonne was in 1282 cited into the Bishop's court at Carcassonne for a fraud of this kind. Here the authentic seal had been, by means of a heated blade of thin steel, removed from its document, and ingeniously attached to another.

Actual forgeries sometimes took place, as when in the eleventh century a goldsmith of Limoges counterfeited the seal of Pope URBAN II. for HUMBAUD, Bishop of that Sec (at the instigation of his archdeacon HftLlE I)E Gimel), in order apparently to authenticate certain forged letters of the Pope. URBAN himself detected the fraud on his visit to Limoges. He instantly deposed the Bishop, and declared the very name of the Arch- deacon to be infamous. The fate of the forger is left to our imagination — perhaps he had wisely decamped ! But to return ; — seals early became armorial. Moreover, the applicability of heraldic insignia to decorative pur- poses was soon perceived.

(6)

Whether carved in stone or wood for the adornment of the church, or glowing in their proper colours in the stained glass, or woven into the hangings, or embroidered on the vestments, or even enamelled on the sacred vessels to preserve the memory of a pious donor, the use of armorial insignia soon assumed very considerable importance from an Ecclesiastical point of view. It is in this aspect then that we purpose now to regard them, and it is the object of this book to give somewhat fuller information than exists in the treatises which deal with the general subject of Heraldry, with regard to the armorial insignia adopted by Religious Foundations, in Britain and on the continent of Europe ; — to describe the various external ornaments by which the various grades and offices in the ecclesiastical hierarchy have been distinguished both at home and abroad, and to indicate the various manners in which these official insignia were combined with the personal arms of the user.

The examination of a good collection of mediaeval seals will show us that at first the seals of Ecclesias- tics were usually engraved with their personal effig}*, within a band containing an inscription indicative of the name and rank of the person represented. These seals were usually, but not invariably, vesica shaped, or en ogive, LitBERT, Bishop of Cambray in 1057 ; and the Chapter of Notre Dame of Noyon, in 1 174, used seals in the shape of a pear. (Demav, Le Costuvie au Moyen Age cTapris les SceauXy p. 23, fig. 14. Paris, 1880.) As early as the commencement of the eleventh centur>' the Bishops of France had adopted great seals bearing their effigies. Arnouli) de Lisieux in 11 30 (being then only Archdeacon of Seez) reproaches the prelates for this mark of ostentation, as he esteemed it. On the earh' seals only the bust of the bishop, or his figure at half- length, at first appeared (as was also the case on the earl}-

( 7 )

seals of the kings of France), and this custom continued in some dioceses up to the close of the century. In 1253 a seal of the officiality^ or episcopal court, of Paris still bears a mitred bust, apparently the image of the diocesan. (Plate VIII., fig. 1 1.) Nevertheless the custom of repre- senting the bishop at full length, standing or seated, had been adopted concurrently with the former usage, at least as early as the twelfth century. (Lecoy DE la Marche, Les Sceaux, pp. 254, 255.) Many early ecclesiastical seals, especially the counter-seals of Abbeys, and the personal seals of the Abbots, bear only a representation of the arm of the abbot issuing from the flank (usually the dexter flank) of the seal and holding a pastoral staff paleways. A good example, that of an Abbot of Melrose, is engraved in Laing, Catalogue of Scottish Seals, ii.. No. 1 164. The seal of oval shape bears the arm of the abbot, vested in. the sleeve of his habit, and holding his crosier, or pastoral staff, in pale. The back ground is diapered with a reticulated pattern, and the legend is " Manus Abbatis DE Melros." With this we may compare the small round secretum of the Capitular Seal of Melrose in 1292, which has a similar device with the addition of an estoile at the sinister side of the staff. The legend is "Contra Sigill. de Melros." (Laing, Scottish Seals, i., 1077.) It *^ somewhat curious that this bearing is found, generally but not exclusively, on the seals of abbots and monasteries belonging, like Melrose, to the Cistercian Order. Thus the seal of the Abbots of Byland in 1 186 {British Museum Catalogue of Seals, No. 2822) ; of Buildvvas, twelfth century (^B, Mus., No. 2753) J ^^ Sibton in 1193 {B. Mus,, No. 4020); of Tintern, twelfth and thirteenth century {B, Mus,, No. 4194) ; of Vale Royal, twelfth century (^. Mus., No. 4233); and of many other Cistercian foundations, are charged with the hand and pastoral staff. The seal of the Abbot of Holywood has the same bearings, but the crosier is backed by a

(8)

tree. (Laing, Scottish Seals^ i., 1043.) The seals of the Benedictine Abbot of Eynsham, in the twelfth century; of Richard, Abbot of the Austin Canons at Grimsby in 1203 ; and of WILLIAM DE Lewknor, Precentor of Chi- chester, circa 12 16 {B, Mus. Cat,^ Nos. 3144, 3232, and 1484), all have the hand and crosier ; and it also appears, rather curiously, on the seal ad catisas of the Chapter of Perugia, sede vacante, (Glafey, Specimen decadent Sigillorumy^. 25, Lipsiae, 4to 1849.) The Benedictine Abbey of Saint Seyne had, in the eighteenth century, as its arms : dAzur h un dextrocliere de carnation^ habilU dune inanche large dargent et tenant une crosse dor pos^e en pal {Armorial Gdft^ralde France, Bourgogne, i., p. 152, No. 46). It may be noticed the same device appears on the tombstone of Abbot SUTTON, at Dorchester; and in several other instances (BoUTELL, Christian Alonuments, pp. 53-55).

In course of time, as the convenience of Heraldic devices became generally recognised, a shield bearing the personal arms of the ecclesiastic was introduced, and it filled up conveniently the angle beneath the foot of the effigy in the base of the vesica, MrW. H. St. John Hope, Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, says that " the earliest seal on which a shield occurs is that of William de Luda, Bishop of Ely in 1290, who has the three crowns of the See of Ely beneath his feet. David Martyn (St Davids, 1296) also has a shield under his feet, but it is charged with his own arms. {Proceedings of Society of Antiquaries^ Feb. 3, 1887.) The BASSET arms, however, appear on the seal of FuLK BASSET, Bishop of London, 1244- 1259 {B, Mus, Cat,, No. 1909).

I may here borrow from Mr W. H. St. John Hope's paper on the " Seals of English Bishops " the following useful information : " Episcopal Seals are divisible into : —

(i) Seals of dignity, with (2) their counter-seals ; with which must be included (3) private seals, or secreta ; (4)

( 9 )

Seals ad causas ; (5) Seals made for special purposes, such as the palatinate seals of the Bishop of Durham. And he appends the following note by C. S. Perceval, Esq. LL.D., Treasurer of the Society of Antiquaries, as to the uses of these various seals : —

" While the Seal of Dignity, as we have called it, or Great Seal, was used for charters, and other instruments affecting the property or rights of the Sec ; or to authenticate copies {vidimus or inspeximus) of important documents such as Papal Bulls ; the secreium, or sigillum privatum, was for deeds concerning the private estate of the Bishop himself, the signet for sealing his private correspondence, both being occasionally used as counter- seals to the Great Seal. The seal ad causas was appended to copies of Acts of Court, letters of Orders, probates (where no special official seal was in use), marriage licences, testimonials, and similar instruments of a minor and transitory interest." {Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, 2nd S., xi., 271, et seq.). The counter-seal of Richard, Bishop of Winchester in 1174 ("^t in B. Mus. Collection) bears the words " Sum custos et testis sigilUr

It is worthy of notice that as the earliest seals used in Christian times had been antique gems, usually set as finger rings, the use of these long continued as secrcta, or counter-seals. It is no uncommon thing to find a pagan or a Gnostic gem used as a secretum by a Christian prelate. The secretum of GuiLLAUME DE Champagne, Archbishop of Sens in the twelfth century, is a gem bearing a remarkably beautiful bust of Venus. (Lecoy de la Marche, Sceaux, fig. 8, p. 25.) This author remarks that these gems were sometimes Christianised by the addition of a legend. Thus the counter-seal of Nicolas, Abbot of St. Etienne at Caen, bore a ivinged Victory which was converted into an angel by the legend — " Ecce mitto angelum meum."

( lo)

Warriors become St. Georges by the addition of a lance and a dragon. The unmistakably pagan head of Caracalla becomes that of the Prince of the Apostles by the simple addition of the words o n/rpoi ! The Monks of Durham turned the head of Jupiter into that of St. Oswald by a like process ; " Caput Sancti Oswaldi." {Vetusta Monumenta, i., pi. xlix.) Mr Porter gives an even more remarkable instance. The Monks of Selby converted the head of the Emperor HONORIUS into that of the BLESSED SAVIOUR, by the addition of the legend " Caput Nostrum Christus est!"

These gems are sometimes set upon the face of early seals. (This is so on the seal of BONIFACE of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury in 1266, where four antique gems are set, two on either side of the Archbishop's standing effigy. This is engraved in Mr Hope's paper ; see also Archceologia Cantiana^ vi., 215 ; and Mr Porter's excellent paper on the "Seals of the Arch- bishops of York," in Proceedings of the Society of Anti- quaries^ 2nd S., xiii., pp. 45, et seq,)

As seal engravers progressed in artistic skill more elaborate compositions were employed. The ecclesiastic was represented standing, or seated, under an archi- tectural canopy which was often adorned with figures of patronal saints, and in addition to the shield of his personal arms others were introduced bearing the Royal Arms, or those of the Abbey, or See, over which he presided. Walter Reynolds, Bishop of Worcester, 1308, is said to have been the first to place on either side of his effigy shields bearing the arms of England. Sir Henry Ellis considered that the use of the Royal Arms on ecclesiastical seals might refer to some high secular office held by the ecclesiastic, but as the custom is not confined to such cases, it is evident that this sup- position is unfounded. Later, when the effigy of the

( II )

bishop was moved into a subordinate position in the base of the shield, the shields of arms accompanied him thither.

The arms of Bishoprics, Abbeys, etc., were often a composition containing the effigies, or the conventional symbols, of the saints to whose honour they were dedi- cated. Thus the Cathedral Church of SALISBURY is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, and so the shield of arms assumed for the See, bears : Azure, the effigy oftlu Blessed Virgin liolding in her arms t/ie Holy Child or (Plate XXV., fig. I.) The Arms of the See of London are: Gules, two swords in saltire proper the hilts in bast or, (Plate XX., fig. 4.) The sword is the emblem of the Apostle St. Paul to whom the Cathedral is dedicated. The ancient dedication of the Cathedral of Exeter was to SS. Peter and Paul, and the symbols of both these Apostles are therefore combined in the arms of the See : Gules, a sword in pale argent, the hilt in base or, surmounted by two keys endorsed in saltire of the last, (Plate XXII., fig. 2.) The arms of the City and See of Lisbon contain a boat on the prow and stern of which are perched two ravens. ** Tem por armas . . . huma Nao com dous corvos discorrendo de poupa a proa." {Nobiliarchia Portugucza, p. 352, 1754.) These bearings commemorate the legend that the body of St. VINCENT, exposed in an open boat, was guarded by ravens as it drifted on the sea to Lisbon from the Cape which now bears his name. The Church of Compostella in Spain has for its arms the tomb of Santiago, the Apostle St. James, whose body is said to have been buried there, having floated from Joppa to Padron, twelve miles below Santiago, to be discovered eight centuries later.

The Abbey of S. Etienne at Dijon bore: Gules, a palm branch in pale or, between three flifit-stones argent. Here the martyr's palm is combined with the instru- ments of the martyrdom of the saint whose relics were preserved in the abbey. The arms of the

( 12 )

Cathedral of S. Etienne at Auxerre are : Azure, three stones or.

The arms of Abbeys, and other religious foundations, were often a composition from the Armorial bearings of their founders. Thus the arms of the monastery of S. Aggas, or Agatha, founded by Lord SCROPE of Bolton, were those of that nobleman (Azure, a bend or\ with the addition of a pastoral staff of t/te last in bend sinister. (Plate I., fig. 8.)

The arms of the Charter-House were ; Or, three chevrons sable, the arms of its founder DE MANNY. The Abbey of RiEVAULX bore the arms of DE Roos : Gules, three water bougets, argent, over all a pastoral staff in pale or.

It may be well to mention here that the pastoral staff, a staff with a head curved in imitation of a shepherd's crook, and originally of very simple formation {see Plate VIII.) is with equal propriety, and in full accordance with ancient English use, termed a crosier, or crozier.

In this book both terms will be used. The modern use by which the term crosier is applied to designate the cross borne, not by, but, before a Papal Legate or an Archbishop in his province, is an entirely mistaken and misleading one. (This cross will be spoken of in a future chapter.) The French term crosse denotes, not the archi-episcopal cross, but the ordinary crook-headed pastoral staff; and the word crosier has not, as is some- times erroneously asserted, any connection with the French word croix or the English cross. Its real con- nection is with the word crook. In the contemporary narrative of the coronation of Richard III. (printed in Excerpta Historica, pp. 379 et seq.) we find the following passage : — " And then comyng the Crosse wt. a ryall procession, fyrst Prests wt. grey Amyses and then Abotts and Bushopes wt. meters on ther hedds & crosers in there hands, and the Bushope of Rochester bare the Cross

( ^3 )

before the Cardinall." Here in one sentence we have the processional cross borne before the Clergy ; the Bishops who bore their own crosiers (as they ought to do still unless infirm in mind or body) and the archi- episcopal cross borne before the Cardinal-Archbishop.

The Rev. J. T. Fowler, M. A., F.S.A., of Durham, who is a careful philologer and ecclesiologist, has shown that the terms " pastoral staff" and " crosier " are both rightly applicable to a bishop's crook, and that the term " crosier " does not, as is often imagined, properly belong to an archbishop's cross. ** Crosier," he says, " in the form croce, crosse, croche, cruche, crocere, etc., may be shown by quotations to have been the proper English name of a bishop's staff from very early times. Pastoral staff is the English translation of the usual Latin term Baculus PastoraliSy used in the Pontificals, etc. And it may be rightly used, no doubt, by any who prefer four syllables to two, and a new term to an old one. The use of it in England appears to date from about the time when an archbishop's cross began to be called a crosier. The earliest example of this wrong application which I have hitherto found is in HoOK's Church Dictionary (1842), where a crozier is said to be an archbishop's cross."

Mr Fowler has printed in Archceologia, vol. lii., a most curious and interesting series of quotations and references in early writers, from 1330 downwards, which abundantly prove his case. He shows that the usual old English word for a bishop's (or abbot's) crook was croce, croche, or crosse. That when it was borne by another person for the bishop such person was called his crocer, croyser, or crosier ; as was also the archbishop's or pope's cross-bearer. Next, that the bishop's staff was called in the fifteenth and later centuries a "croyser staff, crosiers staff, crosier's staff, or crosier staff, as if people connected it more closely with the clerk who commonly carried it than with the bishop himself"

( 14 )

Then the second member of the term, viz., " staff," was gradually dropped, and what had at first been called a croce, and then a crosier staff, was called simply a crosier, which use has continued to the present time. The application of the term crosier to the cross borne before an archbishop or legate is a modern error. An archbishop does not bear his cross himself, and when he pontificates he holds his crosier, or crooked pastoral staff, though it is quite true that on mediaeval seals and stained glass he is often represented holding his cross.

" The blunder, once started, all at once sprang into astonishing vitality, as I find it adopted by even such vvriters as Webb, Haines, Boutell. Lee, Blunt (in 1866, but corrected in 1884), Shipley, Marriott, Mackenzie Walcott, Mrs Jameson, Fairholt, and

Dthers, also in several standard dictionaries, though not in that of Skeat, who knows that crosier is not derived from cross, and that the word has always been used of a bishop's crook. The false derivation, plausible enough to those who have not gone into the matter, has no doubt dad much to do with the propagation of the error. Is it too late to amend it ? An archbishop's cross has been :alled a cross from 1460 to the present time, and the minister who carried it before the archbishop, while the prelate himself held his * croce * or * crosier,* was called the * crossier ' or * croyscr.' It is interesting to note that Roman Catholic writers of the old school, unaffected by the Anglican ecclesiological revival, such, for example, as Bishop John Milner, always used the terms in the old English way. But Dr RocK and the younger PUGIN, ivhile rightly calling the archi-episcopal cross a * cross,' are shy of calling a bishop's staff a * crosier,' and use the term pastoral staff.' Dr HusENBETH in 1859 says of the atter, * some have lately affected to call it the pastoral staff,' but expresses his decided preference for crosier, as lallowed by long usage. In 1866 he is * aware that in

1. Abp. de Ton;. 2. Jun de Flmndre. '-l. HuWHirt.

4. Cud. Altiari. '''- Card. Kaiipadolo. 6. C&rd. hngo.

10. Abl'. Storclti. U. C»lder Abbey. 12. Sec of

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Strictness the term crosier belongs to a cross, but that by long usage it is applied to a Bishop's crook.' He is aware, that is, he has been led astray by Anglican ecclesiologists."

Hugo DE S. Victor admonishes us that in this staff three things are to be noted ; — the crook, the rod, the point, whose signification is thus given : —

Attraho peccantes, justos rogo, pungo vagantes ; Officio triplici scrvio pontifici.

Or, as set out in the following distich : —

Attrahc per curvum, medio rege, punge per imum ; Curva trahit quos virga regit, pars ultima pungit.

{Vide Spener, Opus Heraldicum^ pars, gen., cap. vii.,

p. 3330

To return : — a singular example of monastic arms

formed from the bearings of the founder is afforded by

the coat of Calder Abbey, which is composed of the

bearings of the three families which contributed to its

aggrandisement: Argent, three escucheons : i. Or, a fess

between two clievrons gules, iox FiTZWALTER. 2. Gules,

three lucies Jiauriant argent, for LucY. 3. Sable, a fret

argent, for Flemyng. (Plate I., fig. 1 1.) The Monastery

of KiRKHAM bore the arms of Rocs, as given above for

RiEVAULX, but substituted a bourdon, prior's staff, or

crutch, for the crozier. A modern instance of the same

usage is to be seen in the arms assumed for the modern

foundation of the Abbey of MOUNT St. Bernard in

Leicestershire. They are : Or, a crosier in pale, with a

sudarium sable ; on a chief Azure, three lions rampant or ;

the latter being the arms of the founder, DE LiSLE.

Many other English examples will be found by the

student in the list of the arms of Abbeys and

Religious Houses in Great Britain, in Part II., of

this book. The arms of the Abbey of St. Etienne

of Caen are a composition from the arms of ENGLAND

( i6 )

and those of the Duchy of NORM ANDY ; they form an interesting example of the curious heraldic arrangement known as dimidiation. The dexter half of the shield of the arms of England {Gules, three lions passant gardant in pale or) is conjoined with the sinister half of the arms of the Duchy {Gules, two lions passant gardant in pale or), thus three of the lions' fore-quarters appear, but only two of the hind-quarters. (Plate II., fig. i.)

In France, the Sees and Abbeys of Royal foundation often have as the " field " of their arms, the old Royal bearings of the Kings of FRANCE : Azure, semt^ of fleurs- de-lis or. Thus, the Cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris bears the above coat, known briefly as France-ancient, and Over all tlie effigy of the Blessed Virgin, supporting in Iter arms the Holy Child proper, (Segoing, Armorial Universel, planche i8i. Paris 1679). The Canons of "LA Sainte Chapelle DU Roi" at Dijon bore: France-ancient, Overall a palm branch in pale or ; the emblem of the proto-martyr St. Stephen [inde supra,' ^\;^ and see also HOZIER, Armorial G^n^ral de France, G^n^ralit^ de Bourgogne, i., No. 88). The Collegiate Church of St. Andoche in the town of Saulieu used : France-ancient, Over all a crosier and sword in saltire argent, (The arms of the Sees of Reims, Langres, Laon, and Noyon, similarly composed, will be found later on, at Plate X.) The Cathedral Church of St. Vincent at Macon bears: France- ancient {Azure, fleury or) t/tereon the figure of St, Vincent, vested in a white alb, and a dalmatic gules sevu^ de fleurs-de-lis or, holding in his dexter hand a palm branch, and in the sinister the open Evangelistariutn, proper. The Cathedral Church of St. Vincent at Chalons bears : FRANCE-ANCIENT, ozfer all a sceptre gules with a flory /lead (HOZIER, Armorial Gt^m^ral de France, Gene- rality de Bourgogne, tome ii., 225). The Benedictine Abbey of MousTiER St. Jean bore simply: France-

.1. Abbey "t AudUn.

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ANCIENT. By the Chapter of LiMOGES the semi of France-ancient is reduced to five fleurs-de-lis or, 3 and 2 ; which coat still appears in the old stained glass of the north aisle of the Cathedral of LiMOGES. There are examples in which appear the later arms of France (as borne since Charles V. reduced the fleurs-de-lis to three in honour of the Ever Blessed Trinity) : Azure, a passion nail between three fleurs-de-lis or^ are the arms of the famous Abbey of St. Denis near Paris ; the burying place of the Kings of France. The Abbaye de St. Germain des Pr£s similarly used : Azure, on an escucluon argent between three fleurs-de-lis or, as many torteaux.

The ancient arms of the Dues d'Orl^aNS : France- ANCIENT, a label argent in chief, are the field of the arms borne by the CHARTREUSE o'ORLflANS, charged with a figure of Lasarus rising from t/ie tomb argent (HOZIER, Arm. Gthi, de France, Gene^ralit^ d*Orl(^ans).

Many, perhaps most, of the French Sees have no official arms as distinct from those borne by the Cathe- dral Chapters ; whereas in Germany, and in England (so far at least as concerns the Cathedrals of the " Old Foundation," i.e., those which were in existence as such before the Reformation), the arms of the Deaneries or Cathedral Chapter are different from, though often formed upon, those of the See {see the arms of these Sees and Deaneries in Part II. of this work). The arms of the Chapter of PoiTlERS appear to be Azure, a long cross botonny argent ; upon this the Bishop places an escucheon, Barry of eight argent and gules. Both coats occur with some frequency in the stained glass of the ai.sles of the Cathedral of Poitiers.

The official arms of the early Bishops of Albi also,

were identical with those which are still used by the

Cathedral Chapter, viz. : Gules, a cross pommetty or,

adorned with pendant chains and precious stones. It is c

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said that this coat originated in the dedication of the ancient cathedral to the Holy Cross. But BERNARD i)E Castanet (1275- 1308), who laid the foundation- stone of the present grand cathedral, dedicated to Sainte CECILE, bore : Gules ^ a tower argent ^ surmounted by a double cross ; and, after the secularisation of the Chapter, he and his successors took this personal coat as the arms of the See.

In Italy many, perhaps most, of the Sees have arms, but they are not (so far as my pretty wide experience goes) frequently in use. While the arms of the Pope, and the personal arms of the Bishop or Archbishop are placed upon the facade, or are suspended within the church, the arms of the Sec are seldom or never seen. The curious inquirer may puzzle out at least some of them in the Italia Sacra of Ughelli, and kindred works, but unless he has a special interest in the matter he is little likely to learn of their existence. I give just one or two here. TUSCULUM bears : Gules, two keys in saltire tied by a cord in base or, Anagni bears : Gules, in chief an eagle displayed and in base a lion passant or. The arms of Sabina are : Gules, three sets of interlaced annulets between two bendlets or ; of Aquilani, Argent, an eagle displayed sable, crozuned or (UoHELLI, Italia Sacra, t. i.).

In Germany, as formerly in England and Scotland, it was the custom for high Ecclesiastics to use indifferently their official arms, or their personal arms if they pos- sessed any. It was then an easy step when seals became more elaborate, to represent both the official and the personal arms on the same seal, though upon different shields. In Italy when any official arms were used they were often made to occupy the chief or upper part of a shield divided per fess ; the personal arms of the Prelate being placed in the lower part, or base, of the shield.

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In England it has been long the custom for Arch- bishops, Bishops, and Abbots to impale their personal with their official arms, just as a wife impaled the arms of her husband with her own ; the ecclesiastic being considered viaritus ecclesice, and the official arms have assigned to them the dexter side, that being accounted the more honourable portion, of the shield. In later times Archdeacons and Chancellors impaled the arms of the See with their personal arms upon their official seals.

As will be shown more fully hereafter the arms of the Irish Sees date only from post-Reformation times. In Scotland, also, Bishops for the most part used only their personal arms, with of course the mitre and other external insignia pertaining to their ecclesiastical rank. This is still usually the case in the majority of the Sees of France, Belgium, and Southern Europe. In a few cases the personal arms of an illustrious Prelate were adopted by later Bishops as the bearings of the See : — of this we have examples in Part II. in the arms of

Mainz, Hereford, and Worcester.

In France the six great ecclesiastical Peers sometimes impaled, and other times quartered, the official arms of their Sees with their personal ones {vide infra^ Plates IX. and X.). In Germany these arms were more frequently quartered, the official coat of the See or Abbey being generally placed in the first and last quarters, especially when the l^ishop held but one Sec, and possessed no temporal lordships. But, when, as was in modern times frequently the case, several Sees with their dependent lordships were united under the rule of one Prelate, it was the custom to quarter all these official arms in the shield, and to place the personal arms of the Prelate in an escucheon en surtout.

These customs will be fully exemplified as we proceed. Of course many Prelates had by birth no right to bear

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arms at all. Many of those who have filled the highest places in the hierarchy have risen from the very humblest origin, by their personal merit, just as NICOLAS Break- SPEARE, the Anglo-Saxon thrall, attained to the Ponti- fical throne as ADRIAN IV. As it was then, so is it still. The late Celestine, Cardinal Ganglbauer, Arch- bishop of Vienna, was a Benedictine monk, of peasant birth ; and on the occasion of his funeral, in 1889, the Emperor Francis Joseph walked by the side of the Cardinal's peasant brothers and nephews. Mgr. KOPP, Prince-Bishop of Breslau, was the son of a cotton weaver at DUDERSTAAT. Mgr. Binder, Archbishop of POSEN and Gnesen, was the son of a cobbler at ROSSEL. Mgr. Krementz, Archbishop of Cologne, was the son of a COBLENTZ butcher, and his brother kept on the old butcher's shop. Cardinal SiMOR, late Archbishop of Gran, and Prince-Primate of Hungary, was the son of a petty shoemaker at Stuhlweissenberg. Not long ago an infidel Belgian paper thought fit to sneer at Mgr. Lambrecht, Bishop of Ghent, as "only a peasant's son," and the instances noted above were, with others, contained in an article in reply published by a Catholic paper which gloried, and rightly gloried, in the facts stated. But although it has always been one of the boasts of the Catholic Church that persons of the lowest condition in life might aspire to the highest ecclesias- tical dignities, there were yet some exceptions. For admission into many Chapters ; and into the semi- military, semi-religious. Orders of Knighthood, such as

the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, or theTEUTOXic

Order, it was essential that the candidate should be of noble birth ; not necessarily titled, or of a Peerage family .according to the improperly restricted use of the term noble which in modern times obtains among English- speaking people only, but noble as descended from ancestors who were nobiles ; that is, who were entitled to

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use armorial bearings which distinguished them from the ignobiles, or unknown. " Nobiles," said Lord - Chief- Justice Coke, " sunt qui arma antecessorum suorum proferre possunt" (quoted in Sir James Lawrence's Nobility of the British Gentry, p. 17, London, 1840). On the Continent many Sees and Abbacies could only be held by persons who were able to prove this nobility of descent for several generations. Thus, no person could formerly be consecrated Archbishop of C(*)LN, or TRIER, or Bishop of Basel, until he had publicly exposed for examination on the front of his future Cathedral the emblazonment of his thirty-two quarterings ; that is a .shield combining the arms borne by all his ancestors, both male and female, for five generations. The thirty- two quarters of JOHN HUGH Orsbeck, Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Trier (1676- 17 ii) are given for example in Menetrier's treatise on Les Preuves de Noblesse, p. 97.

Similar requirements, but var)'ing in the number of generations, were made in Germany in most cases in .which the Bishop or Abbot became invested in right of his ecclesiastical position with the temporal lordships which formed the endowment of the See or Abbey which he ruled.

The nobles who sat in the Diets of Germany were much too haughty to permit that Bishops and Abbots should sit and vote with them in their assemblies on a footing of equality, still less preside over them, and regulate their action, unless these Prelates were them- selves of noble blood. Such requirements as those I have referred to above, originated therefore, not as is sometimes ignorantly asserted, in the pride of the clergy, but in the haughtiness of the lay nobles. It must, how- ever, be confessed that the clergy were often infected by the spirit of the age, and were, unhappily, only too often not unwilling to "better the example" of their lay

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brethren. Pope NICHOLAS IV. excommunicated the whole Chapter of TRIER for refusing to admit to a pre- bend a person of ignoble extraction who had been nomi- nated by him to that dignity. So early as 1227, Pope Gregory IX. was called in to decide a dispute between the Bishop of PoRTO who was his Legate in Germany, and the Chapter of Strassburc;, w^ho had refused to admit to a prebend the nominee of the Legate, on the ground that the person proposed was deficient in the requisite degrees of nobility. The papal decision went against the Chapter. (The decree ' is given in Baron VON LownEN\s Analysis of Nobility, pp. 170, 171. London 1754.)

In our own country men of all ranks have always been eligible for the highest ecclesiastical positions, and on attaining them have often, down to the present day, assumed armorial bearings for use upon their seals, etc., though frequently the connection of the Prelate with the family whose arms were adopted was, to say the least, extremely difficult of proof. Occasionally permission to use their arms was sought by the Prelate from the head and other members of the family to which he desired to attach himself

In France, and probably in other countries, it is usual for a Bishop to invent for himself a coat of arms, if he is not entitled by birth to bear one. " Anciennement les prelats non nobles etaient anoblis personellement par leur charge, et pouvaient se choisir des armcs. Cet usage s*est conservd, et actuellement tous les prelats, en prenant possession de leurs sieges adoptent un ecusson, et une devise quand ils n en ont pas de naissance." (Z« Noblesse en France, par Barth£lemy, p. 321, Paris 1858.) Thus the present Bishop of LiMOGES bears: Argent, on a cross sable the monogram of the labarum X P or. Usually the arms thus assumed have a distinctly religious savour. WALTER REYNOLDS, Bishop of WORCESTER,

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and afterwards Archbishop of CANTERBURY, assumed : A::ure, on a cross or^ between the symbols of the four Evangelists^ five lions rampant gules armed and langued azure {Catalogue of Seals in British Museum^ No. 12 17). Other examples will be found later in Chapter IV.

But though these assumptions were very general, there were exceptions even among high Ecclesiastics. Cardinal Fran(;:ois Tolkt of the Order of Jp:sus, " Pr^dicateur du Palais Apostoliquc " under seven .suc- cessive Popes, never used any arms but the sacred name of Jesus in cypher. Within an orle of five estoileSy all of gold in an azure field. Sarmiento de Mendoza, Bishop of Jaen, laid aside his illustrious paternal coat to take a simple Calvary cross, surrounded by a bordure charged with the words, ''Anna militia nostra:'' On the other hand, Gp:or(;e da Costa, Archbishop of Lisbon and Braga, on his elevation to the Cardinalate assumed : Azure, a wheel of St. Catharine or, in memory of the Infanta Catharina (daughter of Kdward, and sister of Affonso V., Kings of Portugal), to whose favour he owed the commencement of his great fortune. This coat he impaled with his paternal arms : Gules, six rib bones, in pairs, fessicays in pale argent.

The use of brisurcs, or marks of cadency, seems never to have been general in the case of Ecclesiastics. Even the illegitimate sons of Royal and Noble Houses often used the full paternal arms without any of the ordinary distinguishing marks of bastardy. It seemed as if admission into Holy Orders entirely obliterated any stain which might have been supposed to attach to their birth. " Si illegitimus sacris fuerit initiatus, non est opus transversam dictam lineam paternis insigniis addere, cum propter sacri ordinis dignitatem legitimus censeatur, imo ante susccptum ordinem numero sit legitimandus, quare quoq : nuptiis exinde inidoneus ac inter steriles numeratur." (Spener, Opus Heraldicum,

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p. gen., p. 359.) Thus ALEXANDER Stuart, Arch- bishop of St. Andrews (1509-15 13), natural son of James IV., bore on his seal the full Royal Arms sans brisure supported by the Royal unicorns, and having the archi-episcopal cross behind the escucheon.

Another Archbishop of St. Andrews, John Hamil- ton (1549-1571X natural son of James, Earl of Arran, bore the quartered arms of HAMILTON and Arran, without any brisure. His cross is placed, according to custom, in pale behind the shield {^Scotichronicon^ ii., p. 284). Similarly James, a natural son of James, Lord Hamilton (elected to Glasgow in 1547, and translated to Argyll in 1558) bore on his seal in 1 556 the quartered arms of Hamilton and Arran, sans brisure. (Lainc;, Scottish Seals, ii., i loi.) James, Earl of Moray, Prior of St. Andrews, and Regent of Scotland, natural son of James V., bears on his seal the full Royal Arms, with a pastoral staff behind the shield {ibid., ii., p. 156). The seal of George Douglas (natural son of Archibald, Earl of Angus) consecrated Bishop of MORAY, 157J, bears his paternal shield, mitred, but without any brisure {ibid., ii., No. 1044.) So also, ANDREW, Bishop of Argyll, (161 3-1636) natural son of Thomas, Lord Boyd, bears on his seal in 1629 the full paternal arms (ibid.y ii.. No. 1102).

On the other hand Pierre Charlot, Bishop of Noyon, natural son of King Philip Augustus, bore the Royal Arms of France-ancient {Azure, sejm^ de fleurs-de-lis d'or\ debruised by a bend sinister argent. jEAN, Bishop of LifeGE, Chancellor of Flanders, natural son of Gui, Count of Flanders, bore on his seal in 1280 the arms of that County {Or, a lion rampant sable) debruised by a crozier in bend argent (Plate I., fig. 2, and see Vr£e, G^n(f- alogie des Comtes de Flandre, Plate 74). Dayid, B^tard de BouRGOGNE, son of Philip, Duke of Burgundy, was made Bishop of Terouenne, in 145 1, and of

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Utrecht in 1455. He used the paternal arms sans brisure^ with the coronet of a French Prince. His book- stamp is in GviGARD, A nfion'a/ du Bibliophile, X.oxx{(t i.,p.29. Similarly, Louis DE NOGARET, Bishop of MiRfePOIX (d. 1679), and his sister, LouiSE, Abbess of St. Glosme DE Metz (d. 1647), illegitimate children of Jean Louis DE NoGARET, Duc d'Epernon, borc on their book- stamps the full arms of XOGARE T, without any mark of bastardy. (GUKiARD, Armorial du Bibliophile, ii., 149,

150.) Louis de Bassompierre, Bishop of Saintes, (d. 1676), son of Marechal de Bassompierre, used no brisure to denote his illegitimacy. Reynaud, bAtard de ^^^/r/^^;/,Archbishopof NARHONNEin 1472, borc: Argent, a ^^;/rfe?/"FRANCE-ANClENT tlureon a fillet gjiles,s\x^YiOTX.cA by two angels (the usual Royal Supporters of France) holding palms. (PfcRE Anselme, i., p. 3 10.) The angels which support the Royal Arms of France have however azure dalmatics charged with the three golden fleurs-de- li.s, and not the alb only. HENRI DE BoURBON, Bishop

of Metz (son of Henri IV. by Henriette de Balzac

d'Entragues, bore : FRANCE a baton pM en barre d^argent, with the fleur-de-lis coronet of a French Prince. (GuiGARI), Armorial du Bibliophile, i., 31.) The arms of Charles, BAtard d'Orl£ans, Bishop of Laon, and Pair de France, arc given under Cambray. Thomas Stuart, Archdeacon of St. Andrews, 1443, natural son of King ROBERT H., bore the Royal Arms {Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory gidles) debruised by a bend counter-compond argent and azure. The shield is supported by two dragons sejant, as well as by an angel which stands behind it (Laing, ii., No. 931). I recently noticed a fine boss in the Musee des Antiquitcs, in the cloister of the Augustins at Toulouse which bears the arms : Quarterly, I. and IV. ; quarterly, i and 4. Or, three pallets gules (County of Foix) ; 2 and 3. Or, tivo coivs gules, clarines azure (the

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County of BEarn) ; II. and III. ( . . . ) on a chief (...) three lozenges (...). The whole shield is debruised by a very narrow fillet in bend, which crosses the I. and IV. grand - quarters. The shield has the adjuncts of a crozier in pale behind its centre, on the dexter side of the head of the staff is a mitre ; it appears doubtful if there was ever anything on the other side of the head for the sake of symmetry, but if there was it has now disappeared.

The book-stamp of Gabriel de Beauveau de RiVARENNES, Bishop of Nantes (1636-1667) shows that he bore the arms of Beauveau {Argent^ four lions rampant two and two gules crowned, and armed, or\ debruised by a baton pM en bande. (GuiGARl), Armorial du Bibliophile, tome i., p. 81.)

Among a clergy bound to celibacy the ordinary marks of cadency were not imperatively needful ; the external ornaments which indicated their ecclesiastical dignity sufficiently distinguished their arms from those borne by other members of their families. In England since the Reformation marks of cadency have been used and omitted indifferently, but the arms of many Bishops have been differenced by the introduction of small mitres as charges within the shield. This is, indeed, no modern custom. John de Grandison, Bishop of Exeter (1327- 1 369) bore : Paly of six argent and azure, on a bend gules a mitre between two eagles displayed or ; instead of the three eagles which appeared on his paternal coat (Plate II., fig. 4.) William Courtenay, Arch- bishop of Canterbury (1381-1396) bore: Or, three torteaux, a label throughout azure, on each of its points a mitre (sometimes three mitres) argent (Plate II.,

fig- 5).

In one of the windows on the south side of the choir in

YORK-MlNSTER are represented the arms of Cardinal

Beaufort: the Royal Arms (France and England,

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quarterly) within a botdure componc azure and ermine^ each of the azure compons being charged with a mitre argent, (See The Heraldry of York-Minster^ by Dean PUREY-CUST, plate X., p. 389, 4to, 1890.) I have not met with any instance of this use of the mitre in other "examples of the Cardinal's arms.

Mitres also appear as differencing charges in the arms of Bishops Bekington (Bath and Wells), Alcock (Ely), Burghill and Hales (Lichfield), de l'Isle (Durham), Peploe (Chester), Lumley (Lincoln), Grey and Lyhekt (Norwich), and Carpenter (Worcester). They also form the charge of the bordures which were used as differences in the arms of Bishops Marshall and Stafford (Exeter), Hei- worth (Lichfield), Blundeville and Despenser (Norwich). The azure bordure of the Despenser arms {Quarterly^ argent^ and gules fretty or, over all a bend sable) is charged with eight, but sometimes with fifteen, golden mitres by Bishop DESPENSER. (Plate II., fig. 6.)

The arms of John Innes, Bishop of MORAY, 1407- 1410, still remain sculptured in the Cathedral at ELGIN. The coat {Argent, three estoiles azure) is differenced by the insertion of the head of a crozier between the estoiles.

The series of seals of the great Benedictine Abbey of MOLK, or Melk, on the Danube in Lower Austria, which are engraved in Huher's Austria Illustrata, afford good illustrations of the practices which prevailed from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century with regard to the disposition of arms upon the seals of Ecclesiastics. The seals of Abbots Walter (1232), Gerung (1277), Friedrich (1292), and Ulric (13 12), bear simply their own seated effigies. That of Abbot Ottakar (1327) is the earliest which shows a shield of arms ; it is placed in the lower angle of the vesica, beneath the figure of the Abbot, and bears the arms of the Abbey : Azure, a key witJi double wards, or rather tivo keys united in one

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I

handle or bow, argent. The dedication of the Abbey is to SS. Peter and Paul. Probably the coat originally con- tained two keys with their wards interlaced {see examples under the Sees of England in Part II.). The arms do not appear on the seal of Abbot Heinrich (1330), but are engraved on the secretum of Abbot LUDWIG (1358). Per- sonal arms are first added on the seal of Abbot GOTTS- CHALK (1385). This bears the effigy of St. Benedict ; the arms of the Abbey appear on a shield on the right hand, while one charged with the attire of a stag is placed on the left. Abbot LuDWiG II. (1392) and Leonard (1432) use the double key as a device, beneath the feet of the ^^gYy but not enclosed in a shield. Abbots John (1414), Nicolas (1420), Christian (1447), and John II. (1458), use the shield with the Abbey arms. By Abbots Wolfgang (1485), and John Schonberg (1551) the effigy of St. Benedict is placed between shields containing their personal arms on the dexter, and those of the Abbey on the sinister. Abbots Michael Grien (1563) and Urban (1568) yield the place of honour, on the dexter side, to the Abbey arms. Abbot Kaspar Hoffman (1590) quarters the arms of the Abbey in the first and fourth with those of his family in the second and third, and surmounts the shield with a mitre. The five succeeding Abbots, whose seals close the series, Reiner Landau (1630), Valentine Embalner (1639), Edmond Luger (1677), Gregory MuLLER (1680), and Berthold Dietmair (1701), all place the arms of the Abbey in an escucheon upon the quartered shield of their personal arms, and surmount the whole with a mitre enfiling a pastoral staff.

In modern times the Abbots of Melk bear in the ist and 4th quarters, Or, an eagle displayed and dimidiated sable armed gules issuing from the palar line; in the 2nd and 3rd are the personal arms ; and over all an escu- cheon of the arms of the Abbey, Azure, tlie double key.

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Besides their constant use on seals, and monumental memorials, either of glass or of stone, armorial bearings are frequently found embroidered on ancient ecclesiasti- cal vestments, and abroad this custom has never died out. Shields of arms thus appear embroidered upon the ends of the vittce, or fanons, of the mitres ; on the orphreys of the cope and chasuble ; on the lower parts of the dalmatic and tunicle ; and on the stole, where they appear on each side at the level of the breast. The stole worn by the Pope is of red silk, thus embroidered on each breast with his personal arms with their usual accompaniments, the tiara and keys.

The arms of the donor are often embroidered on the vestments and altar fittings presented to churches. Even the corporals in CORPUS Christi College, Cambridge, were embroidered with armorial bearings (see Report of the Historical MSS, Commission^ vol. i., p. 72). A chasuble given by St. Louis of France to THOMAS DE BlVILLE, is of silk, embroidered with gold thread, and is composed entirely of lozenge-shaped compartments containing heraldic charges — \}c\^ Jicur-dc-lis of FRANCE, the castle of Castilk, the lion of Leon, and the eagle displayed of Savov - Mauriennk (sec De Caiimotit AbMdaire d'Archceologie Religieuse, where it is engraved at pp. 448-450).

In the celebrated case of SCROPE versus Grosvenor {temp. Richard II.), the poet Chaucer gave evidence of the use of the arms of ScROPE upon vestments, among other things.

On the seal of Anthony Bek, Bishop of Durham (1283- 1 3 10) his effigy is represented wearing a chasuble, on the breast of which appears the large cross moline of his arms {Gules, a cross /er-de'Uioline ermine). The Church of Durham inherited from him seven vestments, " cum una cruce de armis ejusdem qua! dicuntur ferrum molcndini." Similarly the effigy of LOUIS DE Beau-

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MONT, Bishop of Durham (i 318), as represented on his seal, wears a chasuble embroidered with his arms : Azure, fleury and a Hon rampant argent {Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum, Nos. 2452 and 2459).

The orphreys of the celebrated Lyon House Cope, now at South Kensington, are heraldic, and contain the arms of England, Ferrers, Nevvburgh, Castile and Leon, Clifford, Despenser, Geneville, Gran- DisoN, Percy, Mortimer, Bassingborne, etc.

A curious reference to armorial bearings was made on the tomb of the Cardinal de Palud, who was buried in the Abbey of TOURNUS. His arms were: Gules, a cross ermine. Accordingly on his tomb the Cardinal is vested as a priest ; the stole, maniple, and the cross of the chasuble, are all of ermine ; we may fairly conjecture that the colour of the vestment was red (Menestrier, LArt du Blasonjustiji^, pp. 81, 82).

On the celebrated Percy shrine at Beverley one of the sepulchral effigies represents a priest of that family, probably about the fourteenth century. On it the chasuble, alb, and maniple are ornamented with a series of twenty different shields of arms. {See Mr LoNGSTAFFE's "Old Heraldry of the Percies," in Archceologia ^liana, i860; pp. 157, 192, etc.)

Cole mentions an altar cloth at St. Edward's Church at Cambridge, which had on it a coat of arms : Or, a clievron nebuU argent and azure, between three choughs proper (probably for the family of Cromer). We may refer also to the Inventory of the Goods of the Guild of the Blessed Virgin in Boston, taken in 1334. "Item, an altar cloth of tawny damaske w' Egles standyng on bookes, w* this I're, ^ crowned, of the gift of m^ JOHN ROBVXSON esquyer, w' the armcs of the said m"" ROBVNSON in the myddes of the altar cloth, w* a frontcll of the same therto belonginge havynge the seide armes at every end of the seide

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frontell/' Other gifts of altar furnishing were made by the same person, and were all embroidered with the arms of the donor. (See English Church Furniture at the Period of the Reformation, edited by Edw. PEACOCK, F.S.A., Herald and Genealogist, iv., 169.) In Italy and Spain I have seen many sets of vestments, both for the officiants and for the altar, on each piece of which the arms of the pious donor are represented. At Wadstena in Sweden a set bears the arms of the great family of Sture {Or, three nenuphar leaves in bend sable).

CHAPTER II.

External Heraldic Ornaments, Spiritual and Temporal — The Coronet, its use on the Continent — The Temporal Sword — Helmets and Crests used by Ecclesiastics — Military Fiefs held by Ecclesiastics — The Church Militant — The Ecclesiastical Hat, etc.

We have now to consider the several ornaments, external to the shield of arms, which have been in use to distin- guish the different grades and offices of ecclesiastics.

They are of two kinds : those which indicate spiritual authority, and those which denote temporal rank or jurisdiction. Of the former class are : — the Papal Tiara, and the Keys ; the Pallium ; the Mitre ; the Patriarchal, Archi-episcopal, and Legatine Crosses ; the Crozier, or Pastoral Staff; the Bourdon ; and the Ecclesiastical Hat. To the latter class belong the Coronet ; the Princely and Electoral Hats ; the Mantlings ; the Helmet and Crest ; the Temporal Sword ; and the Crosses and Badges of Knighthood ; or of Chapteral Rank.

The ensigns of spiritual authority which compose the first class fall naturally for consideration under the respective ecclesiastical ranks which they serve to dis- tinguish ; and it will only be needful to offer in this place a few remarks upon the use by ecclesiastics of those external insignia which are by custom joined to the shield of arms as indications of secular rank or temporal jurisdiction.

Of these the most common is the coronet. This, though only used by ecclesiastics in our own country in the very rare cases in which they happen to be peers of

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the realm by descent, is in frequent use by foreign ecclesiastics for various reasons. We may remark here, that on the continent the use of coronets as heraldic ornaments is much more general than in these realms, where they are used only by princes and princesses of the Royal House ; by peers and peeresses ; and (according to modern usage but in violation of strict heraldic propriety) by the eldest sons (and their wives) of peers of the three highest grades. But upon the continent all the children of counts and barons use their father's coronet, and usually one of his titles also ; while in Italy even the remote cadets of great families often use their coronets ; add to their names such words as " dei Conti de . . . ," and have by general courtesy the title of the head of the family.

The following extract will suffice to indicate the modern usage in France. " L ordonnance du 25 ao(it 1 81 7 ^tablit la hi^rarchie des pairs, reglant que les fils ain^s prcndraient le titrc imm^diatement inf^rieur a celui du p6re, et Ics fils puin^s les autres titrcs parcille- ment inf^rieurs entrc eu.x." (Z<t Noblesse de France^ p. 75.) Thus the eldest son of the Due DES Cars, has the title of Marquis DKs Cars, but his uncles, the brothers of the Due, had respectively the titles of Comte, and Vicomte DES Cars. Similarly the eldest son of the Due DE Levis is Marquis DE Levis ; his uncles bearing the title of Count, and Vicomte DE Levis. (Though the regu- lation applied only \.o pairs de France, the custom was soon adopted by other nobles who had not that dignity. There is not, however, uniformity of practice.)

Again, on the continent members of ancient noble and knightly families very generally use a coronet to indicate their descent, even though they may not have the right to use the specific title of baron, count, etc. ; this is seldom understood by us, where a title is, wrongly, thought essential to nobility. As this is so in civil life,

D

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it is consequently general for members of noble families to retain the coronet as an external ornament of their arms after they have been admitted into the ecclesiastical state.

Again, abroad coronets are used by ecclesiastics whether they are of noble families or not, when, as is frequently the case in Germany and elsewhere, temporal lordships are attached as endowments to ecclesiastical dignities held by them.

Again, in Germany and France, the dignity of Count, or Countess, was by Imperial or Royal grant, used by members of many noble - chapters in right of their canonries. And lastly the dignity of " Comte-Romaine " is still occasionally conferred by the Pope on ecclesiastics of eminence.

Examples of the use of coronets, both as indicative of noble descent, and as denoting the possession of temporal rank and jurisdiction acquired along with the ecclesiastical dignity, will be given in abundance as wc proceed. Temporal jurisdiction, the jus giadii\ is very frequently indicated by a naked sword, placed in saltire with the pastoral staff of the ecclesiastical dignity, behind the coroneted shield. {See Plates V., XV., XVI.) Sometimes the crosier and sword, instead of being in saltire behind the shield, are placed paleways on cither side of it. {See Plate XIII., fig. 4.)

Not unfrequently one finds a person whose knowledge of Foreign Armory is probably derived from a French elementary' book on Heraldr)% and who will dogmati- cally insist that ecclesiastics have no right at all to use helmets and crests, though he seldom is consistent enough to suggest their return to the use of the "Popish" ecclesiastical hat To such it is sufficient to say that a wider knowledge of Foreign Heraldry would have had the inevitable effect of modifying his statement as to " right," though he might retain, if he desired, his views as to

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propriety. But, after all; it is custom that determines the matter. In many countries the helmet and crest are not used by ecclesiastics in general, but our own country and Germany form exceptions to the rule. The great German herald Spener, who discusses the propriety of the use of the helm by ecclesiastics, approves, but says that in any case, with or against propriety, practice has settled the matter so far as Germany is concerned. In Germany the use of helmets and crests by ecclesiastics has always been general as a result of that frequent union of temporal rank with spiritual dignity to which I have already made allusion. Abbots, abbesses, bishops, and archbishops were very frequently also secular princes, counts, or barons, holding the lands of their Sees or Abbeys immediately from the Crown ; and bound con- sequently to furnish their feudal contingent of troops to their Royal or Imperial Superior, so that the use of military insignia to denote this fact was retained by clerics. (On the military fiefs held by ecclesiastics in Germany and on their forms of investiture, see the curious treatise of SCHILTER, de Feudo Nobili, 1696. Extracts therefrom are given in BURGERMEISTER, Bibliotheca Equestris, ii., 990- 1015, Ulm, 1720. See also Praun, von des A dels Hcerschtlden, etc.)

Again, the temporal power and possessions belong- ing to the Spiritual Princes : — the Elector- Archbishops of Mainz, Coln, and Trier ; and to the numerous Prince-Bishops, and Abbots of the Empire, — were so great that these dignities were eagerly sought, and con- tinually filled by churchmen who were already by inheritance in possession of military fiefs ; while the custom of placing above the escucheon a crested helm for each fief which conferred on its possessor the right to a vote in the Circles of the Empire, naturally contributed to the retention of these military insignia by ecclesiastics. It must also be remembered that in Germany the crested

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helm is not looked upon, as arfiong us, as a subordinate accessory to shields of arms, but is considered as being of at least equal importance with them.

In our own country helmets and crests are gene- rally used by ecclesiastics below Episcopal rank, but the custom, which has not the same excuse as in Germany, has often, and not unreasonably, been denounced as a violation of strict heraldic propriety. Helmets and crests were intended for use in war and martial exercises, and there is consequently some incon- gruity in their employment either by ecclesiastics, or by ladies.

Instances may indeed be found in which the heralds of the gospel of peace have been led to take a ver}- active part in offensive warfare, from the times of the Crysading Prelates, to our own day when, in the American War of Secession, Bishop Leonidas Polk led to battle the forces of the Confederate States. Even before the Crusades military ecclesiastics were found in the armies of the Prankish kings. GREGORY OF ToURS (lib. iv., cap. xliii., says) — " Fuerunt in hoc praslio Salonius et Sagittarius, fratres atque episcopi, qui non cruce coelesti muniti, sed galea aut lorica saeculari armati, multos manibus propriis, quod pejus est, interfecisse referuntur." Charlemagne, in conjunction with the Church, endea- voured to reform these abuses (see les Capitulaires, lib. vi. et vii.). An old French Historian, GuiL. DE Breton, mentions Philip de Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais, who at the battle of Bou VINES, in 1244, unhorsed, and beat out the brains of several of the enemy with a mace, so as not to break the letter of the law which forbade the use of the sword by ecclesiastics (f. /., p. 95). Jean de MONTAIGU, Archbishop of Sens, was slain in battle in 1416. Another well-known story is that of the Pope who sent to demand the release of one of these martial prelates — styling him his beloved son. The King is said

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to have returned the coat of mail worn by the Bishop, with the text — " Know now, whether this be thy son's coat or no ! " (Gen. xxxvii., 32). {See VON LowHEN's Analysis of Nobility, p. 164,) So in Italy GuiDO Tarlatti, Bishop of Arezzo, was so eminent a warrior that his tomb erected in 1330 is richly sculptured with sixteen bas-reliefs of his battles and sieges. At the battle of BouviNES the Abbot of S. M£l)ARD at SoissONS himself led to battle a hundred and fifty of his vassals. In England, Henrv LE Desi»ENSER, the warlike Bishop of NORWICH (1370- 1406), used on his secrctum the shield of his personal arms, timbred with a mitre from which rises the crest, a dragon's head between a pair of wings. In the Armorial de Gelre, the arms and crest are given, but a helmet is inter- posed between the shield and the mitre. {See Plate v., figs. I and 3.) The seal of Bishop RICHARD COURTENAV, also of NORWICH (1413-15), bears a couche shield timbred with a crested helm. {Cata- logue of Seals in the British Museum^ No. 2050.) The use by the Bishops of DURHAM of crested and plumed helmets on their palatinate seals will be referred to hereafter.

Although an ecclesiastic may if he choose use helmet and crest, yet it is not necessary that he should do so. On the continent many ecclesiastics have contented themselves with bearing the arms of their family in a simple oval escucheon or cartouche. In most countries the use of the hehnet and crest has been supplanted by the adoption for all grades of ecclesiastics | of a flat, broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat, varying for each rank in its colour,* and in the number o{ \\\q houppes, \ or tassels, with which the ends of its cords or strings! are adorned. The use of the ecclesiastical hat does not seem ever to have been general in this country to any great extent, or in Germany. Accordingly, when it is

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mei with in this country on a book-cover, an engraving, or some work of art, it is (in accordance with the pre- valent ignorance of foreign heraldic matters) nearly always taken to be indicative of the rank of cardinal, and is not unfrequently so described with an amount of positiveness corresponding to that of the assertor's ignorance.

CHAPTER III.

ECCLESIASTICS BELOW ABBATIAL RANK.— Arms in a Cartouche — The Biretta^ and the Ecclesiastical Hat — Chan- ters' Batons — Protonotaries — Canons and Chanoinesses — Noble Chapters — Their Insignia — The use of the Amess, or Aumusse, at Home and Abroad — Mitred Canons and Digni- taries— Lay Honorary Canons —Priors and Prioresses — The Bourdon — The Pastoral Staff— Mitred Priors— Provosts and Deans — Official Arms of Cathedral* Dignitaries — Clerical Members, and Officers of Military Orders of Knighthood, and Chaplains of the Order of St. John — Canons of St. George's Chapel, Windsor, etc.

It has been noted above that many ecclesiastics abroad are content to use their family arms in a cartouche^ or oval shield, without any external ornaments to indicate their ecclesiastical status. Thus LouiS Cloquet, ^' chanoine diacre'' of the Church of REIMS at the com- mencement of the eighteenth century used for his book- stamp an oval cartouche, encircled by a branch of olive, and another of palm, and bearing the armes parlantes : Azure, a chevron between three bells, in chief a crescent (.'for difference) all argent. {^Armorial du Bibliophile, i., 1 6 1.) The librar>' of J KAN DKS CoRDES, Canon of Limoges, who died in 1643, was acquired by Cardinal Mazarin, and the books bear the arms of the Canon {Azure^two lions rampant addorsedor) in an oval escucheon without any mark of ecclesiastical dignity. NICOLAS DoiNET, Canon of REIMS in 1722, bore: Gules, on a fess or, three canettes sable, in an oval escucheon encircled by palm branches. (GuiGARD, tome i., 184-185.)

The book-stamp used by jEAN DE Sainte AndrI^:,

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Canon of NOTRE Dame at Paris, at the close of the sixteenth century, bears his arms {Azure^ a castle triple- towered argent y masoned sable , in chief three estoiles of five points or) on an escucheon surmounted by a full-faced helmet with grilles, above which is placed a biretta, or four-cornered ecclesiastical cap. (Plate III., fig. 2.) There are several other examples of the use of the biretta, but I know no other where it is used thus to surmount a helmet. One where it surmounts a coronet is given later on at p. 48. Pierre le Jeune, Canon, bore : Gtiles, a chevron between in chief a sun in splendour^ and in base a rose issuing from a hearty all or, the shield timbred with a biretta. (GuiGARD, Armorial du Bibliophile^ ii., 51.) Francois Robert Secousse, Doctor in Theology, Cure of St. EUSTACIIE in Paris, about 1750, used the biretta alone above the escucheon of his arms (Asurc, a chevron between two pierced mullets, and a garb ; in chief a crescent y all or, (The crescent was here not a mark of cadency but a regular charge — his brother, DENIS FraN(;ois, who died in 1754, used the same arms.) Melchior B. M. Cochet du Magny (d. 1791), Canon of the Royal Chapel (la Sainte Chapelle) at DijON, used the biretta alone, above the shield of his arms (Argent, a cock gules, (GuiGARl), i., 161.)

Much more general was the use of the ecclesiastical hat. The common priest's hat is flat, broad-brimmed, of a black colour, and had originally on either side a cord, or string, terminating in a single tassel. In later times, when ecclesi- astics generally seem to have claimed and used something more than they were legally entitled to, the single tassel was replaced by a double one. This hat was represented above the shield, or oval cartouche containing the arms.

Members of a Regular Order often impaled its armorial bearings, or its device, with their personal arm.s, giving the place of honour on the dexter side of the shield to the bearings so assumed. Thus, the book-

1. Hniri BuwImu, Cuod of Pui& i Jeui de 8t AniM, Qmon of Paria.

5. Boiut (Prior).

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plate of Fr^re JACQUES RenaUD, of the Order of Friars- Preachers, at Lyons, bear the arms of the Dominican Order (v, post, p. 143) impaling his personal coat : Or^ a fess gules between an eagle rising in chief and a horse courant in base proper,

Protonotaries and Chanters were frequently, per- haps ordinarily, chosen from among the Canons. The Chanters, or Precentors, denoted their office by placing behind the shield of arms the baton with which they led the choral music, and which they are often represented as holding on early seals. The seal of Henri, Chantrc de Troves in 1227, shows his standing effigy, holding in one hand a baton the head of which is a fleur-de-lis, and in the other a song book. (Demav, Le Costume du Moyen Age apres les Sceaux, p. 293.) On the seal of GuiLLAUME. Chanter of EVREUX in 1236. his effigy is similarly represented, but the baton is not floriated. On that of Gautier, Chanter of LE Mans, the figure holds a baton only. The counter-seal of the last bears a cross potent fitctii (Demay, Les Sceaux de la Normandie, Nos. 2416, 2418).

Menestrier records {l' Usage des Annoiries, tome i., pp. 249-250) an example existing in his time in the Cathedral of NOTRE Dame at Paris, where on the tapestry representing the chief events in the traditional life of the Blessqd Virgin there were also to be seen the arms of the probable donor, MICHEL LE Masle DES Roches, Chanter, and Canon of Notre Dame at Paris, viz. : Argent y a chevron between three rocks sable. A baton surmounted by a fleur-de-lis is placed behind the escucheon. {^See Plate IV., fig. 2.)

In the Chapel of the Chateau de ViNCENNES is the tomb of Rf:N£ DE Laulnay, Canon and Chanter, on which the baton is similarly placed in pale behind the shield.

On the book-stamp of the Abbe DORSANNE (Doctor in Theolog^y, Canon, Chanter, and Grande Vicaire of

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Notre Dame at Paris in 171 5) his arms: Argent, a chevron gules^ on a chief azure three mascles or (Correct Guigard's BlasoHy i., 186) are in an oval escucheon, surmounted by a coronet. The chanter's staff is in pale behind the shield, and its head appears between a small mitre, and the head of a pastoral staff, head outwards. On a cope at Beauvais the arms of a chanter arc embroidered ; in this case two batons are placed in saltire behind the escucheon. (MENfexRIER, les Omeviens des ArtnoirieSy p. 144.)

Protonotaries used the black flat hat, but this was differenced from that of the ordinary priest by the silken cordons on either side which were made to end in a series of three tassels, one above two.

In the choir of the Church of S. Jacques at Antwerp I have noticed the monument of JACOB Channon, Protonotary, who died in 17 14. His shield of arms (...) ^ fess wavy (...) between three goafs heads erased (...), those in chief respecting each other, tliat in base affront/) is surmounted by such a hat as that just described. So are the arms of the Proto- notary DE Bern AGE : Barry of six or and gules, on each piece of t/ie last Jive saltires couped argent (Plate IV., fig. i, and see rAnnorial Universel, planche 73, Paris, 1679) : and those of the Protonotary PlANELLi : Per fess gules and sable, a fess raguly or (Men^TRIER, M/thode du Blason, p. 208, Lyons, 171 8).

Charles DE Grassalio in 1 545 says that the pro- tonotaries' hats were turned up with green : — " Protono- tarius Tymbrum addit ex pileo nigro, duplicata viridi colore." I have never myself remarked an example of this use, but the black hat had sometimes violet tassels appended to it. At Regensburg there is an example of the year 1462, above the shield of Doctor Thomas Pirckhaimer, Protonotary, and Apostolic Referendary. At Rome it appears that the seven Apostolic

VLATE IV.

PROTONOTABT axd CHANTER.

S. Le HuIe.C^on and Grand Cbuiter

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Protonotaries use a red cord and tassels {see MONTAULT, VAnnee Liturgique d Rome, p. 3CX)). The number of Iwuppes^ or tassels, is now usually three, but there was formerly considerable variety in the matter. I observed in the Cathedral at Verona the tomb of the Protono- tary Andreas Sbadachia, on which each cordon of the black hat is terminated by six houppes, arranged i. 2. 3. A similar arrangement appears on the seal of CHRIS- TOPHER HiLlNGER, Protonotary, appended to a deed dated 165 1. I noticed, in the Church of S. JACQUES at Antwerp, the monument of EMMANUEL VAN HOREN- BEECK, Canon and Protonotary, who died in 17 19. His escuchcon, which bears : Azure, three bars argent, on a chief . . . three hunting horns, ... is timbred with a hat, the cordons of which end on either side in six houppes, I. 2. 3. In the same church I observed a more modern example on the monument of J. M. DE MoOR, who died in 1841. His arms, which were : Or, a chevron gules between three Moo^s heads proper, are surmounted by a helmet and lambrequins, while above the whole is the Protonotary 's black hat with only three houppes on cither side. In the Church of S. Marik at Bruges I noted the following example. The monument of the Protonotary Warner Dominic DE MONGET, who died in 1725, bears his arms: V^air, a fess or; over all an escuclieon azure, three storks argent. The hat has six houppes on either side.

The pretentious book-plate of M. DUBUT, Cur^ de Vd^OFLAV, Protonotaire Apostoliquc, Commandeur de rOrdre de Christ, in 1782, is engraved in French Book- plates (by W. Hamilton, 1892, London), and bears on an oval cartouche his annes parlantes (I suspect a mere assumption) — Argent, on a mound in base two butts or targets {?) proper. On a chief gules a cross argent — for the Order of Christ. The cscucheon is surrounded, first by a motto band with the words Crux Chrlsti Gloria

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Mea, and then by the red ribbon of the Order with its pendant cross. The escucheon, which is surmounted by a count's coronet, is placed upon an eight-pointed cross with balls at the end (which Mr Hamilton calls the '' Cross of S. LouzSy' but I think is only intended as the Commander's Star), a staff is placed behind the shield, and a small mitre and the head of a key appear on either side of the coronet. The whole is surmounted by a pro- tonotary's black hat, of which the six houppes on either side are tinctured green. (We pass by the other non- heraldic adjuncts of clouds and sunbeams, and the quasi supporters ** Faith " and " Charity.")

That of Philippe Alexis de Baillv, who is de- scribed as Noble graduate, Protonotary, and Canon of the "ci-devant Cath^drale de S. Donatien a Bruges," and who died in 1810, has the shield charged with his arms : Azure^ three crescents or, and timbred with a hat re- sembling the preceding. It may be noted that the thirty-two quarters of this canon are arranged on the monument in four columns of eight escuchcons, two rows on either side of the main shield.

The book-stamp of Jean Gen est. Apostolic Pro- tonotary and Archdeacon of Nevers, in 1614, bears a shield of his arms : Sable, a chief argent y surmounted by a mitre, and the head (turned inwards) of a pastoral staff ; all beneath a hat each of the cordons of which terminates in three tassels, i. 2. (GuiGARD, Armorial du Bibliophile, tome i., p. 235.)

With regard to Canons and Canoncsses, we have already observed that on the continent very many of the chapters were entirely closed against those persons who were unable to furnish the requisite proofs of gentle blood. Aspirants to admission were only received after their genealogical proofs of noble descent had been sub- mitted to the most rigorous scrutiny. '\\i<^<>^ preuves de noblesse varied at different times and in different places,

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and lists of these noble chapters and their genealogical requirements will be found in Part II. of this book. In several of these chapters the possession of a stall con- veyed the right to the rank and title of Count, or Baron. In France, for example, the Canons of the Chapters of S. Jean at Lyons ; S. JULIEN at Brioude ; and S. PlERRK at Macon ; were all Counts by Royal Grant in right of their Stalls ; as were the Canonesses of Alix, Baume-les-Dames ; Poulangv ; and S. Martin de Salles, en Beaujolais. At Evreux the Canons had the title of Baron ; in Germany the members of several noble Chapters had similar privileges. All these placed the coronet of their rank above their shields of arms, and the shields were surrounded by a cordon or ribbon of silk to which was attached a badge, or eight-pointed cross of enamel, somewhat resembling the Cross of the ORDER OF S. John, but with variations in the colour of the ribbons, and the details of the badge. ( F. Plate III., fig. 3.) Similar crosses and ribbons were worn, both at religious services, and in civil life, by the members of other chapters besides those whose names arc given above, and fuller descriptions are given later in Part III. of this work. They arc still worn by the Canons of several Continental Cathedrals and Collegiate Chapters, as at S. Denis, Toulouse, Lucerne, etc., etc.

The Canons of S. Victor also placed their shields upon the cross or badge, so that the arms of the latter projected on all sides, after the fashion originally adopted by the members of the Order of St. John of Jerusa- lem, or Malta (Plate XIII., fig. 2). The Dean and Canons, Counts of Lyons, also used supporters to their arms ; these were the same for all, viz., on the dexter side a griflfin argent, on the sinister a lion or.

On Plate III., fig. 3, I have engraved the arms and supporters of Toussaint-Joseph Pierre de Boissel, Abb^ de BoiS-BoissEL, Canon and Count of LVON, 1779,

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which are : — Ermine on a chief gules a fess of mascles conjoined or. The shield is timbred with the coronet of a Count, and supported by a griffin argent on the dexter side, and by a lion or, on the sinister. The shield is further ornamented with the ribbon, from which is pendant the badge of a Canon-Count as appointed by the King, Louis XV., in 1745.

The Canons of the Chapter of S. Denis, near Paris, place in the shield above their paternal coat a chief charged with the arms of the Chapter [v, ante^ p. 17). Similarly the Canons of S. VICTOR added to their arms a chief of the arms of the Abbey : Azure, an escar- huncle or. The Canons of the Church of S. DONAS, or S. DONATIEN, at Bruges, placed en cimier above the shield of their arms, a badge representing a chandelier, or corona, bearing eight lighted tapers, which was the conventional emblem of the Saint to whose honour the church was dedicated. {^See Plate V., fig. 4.)

At Trent the arms of the Canons are placed upon their fur amesses, which are extended like mantlings around their escucheons. In the Cathedral more than forty tombs dating from about the middle of the sixteenth century are adorned with the arms of Canons thus repre- sented. I have observed several instances of the same usage on monumental slabs in the nave of the Cathedral of Santa Maria at Verona. The figures 7 and 8 on Plate v., engraved from my rough sketches taken on the spot, will sufficiently explain this curious disposition.

The amess, otherwise called aumusse, or almuce, was a kind of tippet and hood, of silk or stuff" lined with costly grey fur, and was worn by Canons during the choir offices in the winter months of the year. The amess of the minor canons, vicars, or chaplains, was lined with calabre, a brown fur of a less expensive kind. The academic liood which has become a quasi-ecclesiastical vestment in the Church of England originated in the use of the

1. Fonlhun, Biabop of Durbkm, \

2. Cnat of SMTwecden, > from i'ArmoruiJ lii tMre.

3. DeapenMT, Bidiop of Nonrioh, )

4. iWlge ot S. Ddojul fi. Prinoe Bishop of Basel G. Count of Hootfort

7 and 8. Aumnaei of Canona at Verorw. ft. Papd Turn.

10. T«u Bulge, Otder of S. AnthoDf .

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amess. The material of that worn in England by canons was of black cloth, but that of a doctor in any faculty was everywhere of scarlet. At ExETER the amess was of black stuff, doubled and lined with red or green sar- cenet. At Strassburg it appears to have been of red velvet lined with ermine; at Besanc^ON of blue silk lined with red taffeta. {Cathedralia, p. 90.) In the Cathedrals of Southern Italy and Sicily there was considerable variety in the colour and material of the amesses worn by the canons. Mr MACKENZIE Walcot tell us {Sacred Archceology, pp. 14, 15) that it was of "violet at MoNTE Regale, Cefalu, Mazzana, and Messina ; and black with violet edges and ends at Otranto and PALERMO. [This was, however, used by the minor canons. — J.W.] At Langadoc {sic) "the canon's amess was purple in honour of martyrs, with a hood {pcenula) of lamb s fur. At Setabis it was of ermine ; at Syracuse, black or violet, according to the season; at Neti, of black silk; at ViENNE, in summer of green material ; and at Otranto, violet, with crimson edges." At the present day it is seldom worn, at least I have hardly ever so seen it, but in Italy it is habitually carried over the left arm, with the fur outside, as a mark of their dignity by Canons, and minor-canons, on their way to and from the choir. Dr Rock, however, says that though this is the general custom yet " in some churches it is still worn sewed to the canon s cope like a hood, and spread all about the shoulders." And in the appended note he adds : — " Such is the practice at St. Peter's, St. Mary Major's, and St. John Lateran's at Rome. But in some of the smaller collegiate churches of the Holy City, the canons carry upon the left arm their almucia, which is neither ermine, like that of the upper canons, nor grey, as is the one given to the minor-canons of the great basilicas, but of brown skins." {Church of Our Fathers, vol. ii., pp. 88, 89. A great deal of interesting information as to the

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use of the "amice grey** will be found in Dr RoCK*s learned work, vol. ii., pp. 52-60. See also Catliedralia, by Mackenzie Walcot, pp. 89, 90.) The amess was also used armorially in rather a different manner from that depicted in Plate V., figs. 7 and 8, and described above as in use at Verona. The book-plate of Pierre SIGUIER, Comte de GlEN, and eventually Chancelier de France, has his arms: Argent, semd of fleurs-de-lis y on a mount in base a Pasc/ial-Lavib regardant proper ; timbred by the coronet of a Marquis, surmounted by a biretta. A folded amess of fur is stretched above the coronet, and behind the biretta, and depends on either side of the shield. (Sec French Book-Plates, p. 123.) Two instances are given in GuiGARD, Armorial du Bibliophile; one of the arms of Henri Francois de Baradeau. Canon of Notre Dame at Paris, about the year 1722. Here the arms: Azure, a fess between three roses or, are surmounted by a biretta, and by an amess which seems to be placed behind the cap, and hangs unequally on either side (Plate HI., fig. i). A similar example, but with the inequality less marked, is that of GiRARD,Chanoine de Saint Svmphorien, which is not dated but is apparently of the seventeenth century. The arms are: Argent, a stag's head caboshed sable. {See tome 1., pp. 71, 236.)

The Canons of several important Cathedrals have, by Papal Grant, the right to use the mitre {jnitra simplex only, vide post, p. 67), and some other episcopal insignia, upon certain occasions. I have seen it thus used at Milan, Pavia, Pisa, Naples, etc. At Bamberg (where the privilege dates from 105 3, having been granted b}^ Pope Leo IX., Acta Sanctorum, Junii, t. iii., p. 871),

Braga, Besan(;on, Brioude, Lisbon, Lucca, Messina, PUY, Rodez, Salerno, etc., all, the Canons are thus mitred. But in other Cathedral Chapters only the ** dignitaries," or a limited number of the Canons have

( 49 ) the right to the use of the mitre ; this is the case

at Cologne, Compostella, Macon, Magdeburg, Mainz, Seville, Toledo, Trier, and Vienne. At Regensburg (Ratisbon), Ghent, Lavantz, and St.

Dlt in the Vosges (granted by Leo IX. ante 1054) only the Provost ; at Salzburg the Provost and Dean, have this privilege. In all such cases we may be sure that the mitre was not omitted as an external ornament to the arms of those thus privileged. (We may mention here that some of the Canons of COLOGNE, Magdeburg, Mainz, and Treves, had the right to use the full robes of a Cardinal at Divine Service ; at Milan, Lisbon and Pisa all the Canons had this privilege. {See Rock, Church of Our Fathers, vol. ii., p. 112.)

The privileges of the Canons of St. Stephen's Cathedral at Vienna are worthy of note. They precede in dignity all mitred Provosts and Prelates, but are inferior in rank to Suffragan Bishops. All the Digni- taries have the right to use the mitre. This privilege has belonged to the Provost since the foundation of the Chapter ; it was accorded to the Dean, Custos, and Cantor, by Pope Clement XII.; and the Scholasticus received the same right from Pope Benedict XIV.

At Mainz in 1580 Wolfgang d'Alhkrg, Provost (afterwards Archbishop) ; George Schonenberc;, Dean, and Henry Stockhelm, Chanter, each timbred his shield of arms with two helms, the dexter being surmounted by a mitre ; the sinister by the personal crest. Sometimes the helmet beneath the mitre is omitted. Philip von Schwalbach, Chanter of Mainz (who bore the arms : Sable, three annulets in bend argent\ timbred his shield with a single helm bearing his crest, two buffalo horns with scalp and cars.

In the great Chapters of Germany, such as Mainz, Wurzburg, and Bamberg, during the vacancy of the See, the coins, medals, and seals bore the shields of arms

E

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(often helmed and crested), of all the Dignitaries and Canons, arranged in a circle around a central escucheon of the arms of the Chapter, or the device of the patron Saint of the Church {see Zepernik, Die Capitels, und Sedis vacansy Miinzen der Reiclisstifter, etc., Halle, 1822). In 1 7 19, a medal of the Chapter of Paderborn, j^rtV vacante, bears on the obverse the figure of Charle- magne, its reputed founder, and on the reverse that of a bishop in pontificals, holding a church. Each of these effigies is surrounded by a series of twelve shields of arms, one for each of the twenty-four Canons (Kohler, Miinz-Belustigung^ xi., p. 339). Similarly, in 1724, the Chapter of HiLDESHElM, sede vacante, struck a medal with the effigies of the Emperors CHARLEMAGNE, and LOULS (der Fromme). On its obverse are seventeen, and on the reverse sixteen, shields of the arms of the Canons, each surmounted by their coronet. {^See KoHLER, Miinz-Belustigimg, xi., p. 409.)

Sovereign Princes and Nobles of high rank had sometimes the rank of Honorary Canons. Thus the Emperor was a Honorary Canon of St. Peter's and St. John Lateran at Rome, and of the Chapters of CoLN, Speier, Regensberg, Bamberg, Strassburg, Aachen, Utrecht, Luttich, etc. The ' King of France was Canon of St. John Lateran at Rome ; and the stall has since been assigned to the head of the State for the time being, to the Emperor Napoleon HI., and the Presidents of the Republic, MM. MacMahon, Thu^rs, etc. The King of Spain is Honorary Canon of the Basilican Chapter of Sta. Marlv MaG(;iore at Rome, as well as at Toledo, L?:on, and (as Seftor dc Viscava) at Burgos. The King of England was Honorary Canon of the Basilica of San Paolo FUORI LE Mure; and even in our own country the Sovereign has the rank of first Cursal Canon in the Chapter of St. Davh/s. The Dukes of Burgundy

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had a stall at LYONS; the Dukes of BRABANT at Utrecht ; the Marquis of Astorga at Leon ; the Counts of Anjou at ToURS ; and the Counts and Seigneurs of Chastelus at Autun and Auxerre. The stall at Auxerre was acquired in 1423 by Claude de Beauvoir, Seigneur de Chastelus, Vicomte d'Avalon, etc., Mardchal de France, in a rather interesting way. During five weeks he defended against the English the town of Crevant, which belonged to the Chapter of Auxerre, and in recognition of its preservation the Chapter accorded to him, and to his successors in the Seigneurie, the dignity of Chanoine-honoraire^ with the right to occupy a stall during the offices, vested in a sur- plice. His arms : A cure ^ a bend between seven billets or, {en banniere) remained in the crypt of the Cathedral at Auxerre when Menestrier wrote in 1673. {U Usage des Armoiries, pp. 73-74.)

Priors and Prioresses.

It was customary for Priors to place a bourdon (/>., a knobbed staff) of silver, in pale behind the shield of arms. The black ecclesiastical hat, with three lionppes on either side, sometimes surmounts the shield, which is often placed between two palms or branches of laurel, or olive. The Prior de Sennkterre of S. Sauveuk in Velay, in 1540, thus bore his arms : Azure, five fusils in f ess argent. In Magnenev's Recueil des Amies (Paris, 1633) are several examples. Thus, on plate 32, are the arms of M. BoUTOX DE Chamillv, Prieur et Seigneur de Danzv, who bore : Gules y a fess or ; and of M. DE PucJKT, Prieur de la Plastriere de Lyon, who carried : Or, three pallets gules, on a chief argent an eagle displayed sable. In both instances a bourdon is placed behind the shield, which is accosted by two branches of olive in the former case, by two palms in the latter. There are no hats in these

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examples. Jean Baptiste Boisot, Prieur de la Loye de Lachaux, etc., who died in 1694, used his arms {Sab/e, three annulets argent^ on a chief Or three pallets asure) with a prior's bourdon in pale behind the escucheon, and a rosary, with its pendant cross, encircling it. (Plate III., fig- 5 I and see Guigard, Arm. du Bibliophile, tome i., p. lOI.)

At S. Andrews, Priors Alexander Stuart and John Hepburn placed the pastoral staff, instead of the bourdon, in pale behind the shield. The remarkable seal of Euphemia Leslie (Countess of Ross, Prioress of Elcho) shows a crosier, or pastoral staff, behind the escucheon (Laing, Scottish Seals, vol. ii., p. 200). But abroad prioresses often used only the bourdon, like priors and surrounded the shield, or lozenge of their arms, with branches of olive or palm, or with a rosary, at their discretion. The Abb^ ScARRON as Prior placed the bourdon behind his shield, which bore : Acure, a bend bretessff or.

Occasionally the Prior had the right, by special Papal grant, to use the mitre at the sacred offices. Thus among the MSS. of the Dean and Chapter of Ely is a letter of Pope Martin V. (1417-1431) to the Prior and Convent, in which permission is granted to the Prior and his successors to use the "mitre, ring, staff, amice, gremial, gloves, and other pontifical insignia, not only in the Church of ELY, but in whatever place they may give the solemn benediction after Mass, except in the presence of the Legate of the Holy See." It appears that Pope John XXII. had previously conferred the same privi- leges on Prior WiLLlAM POWCHER, but that after the de- position of the pontiff in 141 5, an application was made to Rome for a new licence, or an authoritative confirma- tion of the old one. {Historical MSS. Comviission, Twelfth Report, Appendix ix., p. 395.) Leo IX. granted to the Provost of the Collegiate Church of

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S. Dl£ in the Vosges, the use of the mitre and other pontifical ornaments as early as 1050.

Pope Clement VI. granted to the Prior of Worces- ter in 1 35 1 the right to use the mitre ; this privilege was confirmed in 1363 by Urban V. It was stipulated that even in the Bishop's presence the Prior might wear the mitra simplex or even mitra aiirifrigiata {vj. p. 67) ; but the mitra pretiosa (jewelled) only in his absence. (The grant is given in WiLKlNs' Concilia, t. iii., 201, and is also printed in RoCK*S Church of our Fathers, vol. ii., pp. 1 15- 117.) In 1386 the Prior of WINCHESTER wore the mitra simplex in the presence of the Bishop, and the jewelled mitre in his absence. In all these cases the mitre would also be assumed as one of the external adornments of a shield of arms.

On the book-plate of HECTOR POMER, last Prior of St. Lawrence at NUrnberg, which was designed by Albert Durer, and engraved in 1591, the arms of the Priory: Argent, a grate, or gridiron (on which S. Lawrence was martyred), are quartered with the personal arms of the Prior : Per bend, in chief bendy of four gules and argent, in base sable plain {see the plate engraved in Mr Egerton Castle's excellent work on English Book-Plates, p. 32, 1892). The shield is helmed and crested, and there is no mark of ecclesiastical dignity, but St. Lawrence with palm and grill stands in the background — a ^//^.r/'-supporter.

Bartholonleus Cataneus, Provost of Herzogen- HUR(i (a house of the Regular Augustinian Canons, dedicated to St. George), bore on his seal in 1552 two shields — one of the arms of his house: Argent, a cross pat^e gules ; the other charged with his personal arms. The whole was surmounted by the Q.^^y of S. GEORCiE slaying the dragon. In 1561 his seal bears the coats quartered in one shield, but still surmounted by the figure of S. George, as above.

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John Schack, Provost of S. Cross at Augsburg, used two shields accoUs — one of the arms of his church: Azure^ a cross paUe-througfiout or ; the other of his personal arms: Gules, three roses argent; a mitre was placed above the conjoined shields, and a pastoral staff in bend-sinister behind them (MENfexRiER, Pratique des Artnoiries, p. 21). On the seal of Matthew Wertwen, Provost of the Cathedral of St. Stephen at Vienna, the arms are surmounted by a mitre enfiling a pastoral staff (Hueber, Austria Illustrata ex Archivis Mellicen- sibus, plate xxxv.). The seal of Christopher Potin- GER, Dean of the same church in 1538, has simply the personal arms with a crested helm {ibid., plate xxxiv.).

Franvois Rapine, Prior of S. Pierre le Mous- TIERS, in Nivernais, aumdnier to Queen Marie de Medicis, bore a rather singular arrangement of his arms, thus: Per pale: the dexter coupt^ (a) Argent, a chevron ( engrailed ? ) between three escallops gules ; (b) Barry of four azure and argent, over all three hearts gules crowned with open crowns or (so that the hearts arc on the argent bars, the crowns on the azure). The sinister half of the escucheon is occupied by the arms of his Priory : . . . rt key in pale with its double wards in chief. (GUIGARI), Ann. du Bibliophile, tome ii., p. 176.)

The arms of M. Charron i/Ormeilles, Dean of S. Germain L'Auxerrois, at Paris {Azure, a chevron betiveen two mullets in chief and a wluel in base or), are represented in Magneney's Recueil des A rmes, p\Rnchc xxviii., with a pastoral staff in pale behind the shield, which is surmounted by a (black) hat with six houppes on either side {see Plate VI., fig. 2). Segoing gives, \\\ the Armorial Universel, planche 75, the arms of Dean DE LA Have : Quarterly, i and 4. Azure, a fleur-de-lis or ; 2 and 3. Azure y an unicorn's head couped, in base a crescent argent.

FLATS TJ. Dcah; and Abb^ Oohhrhdatiiiis.

1. ChuTon d'OnnelllM, Dton of S. Germua VAtuerroU.

a. ClutMubribiid, AbU de Triny.

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Charles de Becekel, de la Bastic en Brcsse, Doyen et Comte de Lyon, in 1650 only used his personal arms : Argent y on a bend gules three cinquefoils of the first y timbred with his countly coronet, and without any other indication of his dignity (GuiGARD, Arm. du Bibliophile, tome i.,p. 82). The shield is accosted by palm branches, and a pastoral staff is placed in pale behind it, but there is no hat.

At Exeter the Dean, Precentor, Chancellor, and Treasurer had official arms which they might impale with their personal ones. These were as follows ; — The Dean : Azure, a stag's head caboslud, between t/ie

/tarns a cross pat^e fitMe argent. The Precentor : Argent, on a saltire azure a fleur^e-lis

or. The Chancellor : Gules, a saltire argent between four

crosslets or. The Treasurer : Gules, a saltire engrailed betiveen four

leopards heads or. At Bristol Cathedral is a coat, unrecorded in the armorials and hitherto unidentified : Azure, a saltire argent, in chief a portcullis or, this may be, as I suspect, the official coat of a dignitary. {See my Heraldry of Bristol CatJiedral, in the Herald and Genealogist, vol. iv., p. 289.)

The arms of English Deaneries are printed in Part II. of this book.

The Dean of Windsor, as Register of the Most Noble Order of the Garter ; and the Dean of Westminster as Dean of the Order of the Bath ; append to their shields of arms the ribbons and badges worn by them as the ensigns of their respective offices in those Orders. In Scotland the Dean of the Chapel Royal, as Dean of the ORDER OF THE Thistle, had the right to do the same. In Ireland, before the disestablishment of the Irish Church, the Dean of S. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin was Registrar of the Order of S. Patrick,

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and was entitled to use similarly the ribbon and badge of his office.

The Clerical Members, or Chaplains, of the great Order of S. John of Jerusalem, equally with the Knights of Justice, added to their paternal arms a chief of the arms of the Order {Gules, a cross argent), and placed the whole escucheon upon the Cross of the Order with, or without, its surrounding chaplet and cross.

Thus, Louis de Fourbin de la Marthe, Abbe-

Commendataire d*Ardenne, bears on his seal in 1672, the following arms : — Or, a chevron azure between three leopard's luads sable ; a chief of Religion, Gules, a cross argent. The whole escucheon is surrounded by a chaplet ; and is placed upon the eight-pointed cross of the Order. (Demay, Sceaux de la Normandie, No. 2733.) Similarly, RENfi Fran^ols de Froullav de Tessi^:, Abbd-Commendataire d'Aunay in 1725, " Chevalier non prof^s de TOrdre de S. Jean/' bore his arms {Argent, a sal tire gules, bordured engrailed sable) arranged in the same manner (Demay, Sceaux de la Normandie, No. 2741).

Even the female religious of the ORDER OF S. John used the " chief of the religion ** and placed their arms on the Cross of the Order. See the arms of Saint Ubardesque DEfe Ubardini {Argent, tlie attire of a stag gules) engraved in GOUSSANCOURT, Martyrologe des Chevaliers de Saint Jean de Hierusalem, folio, Paris, 1643, tome ii., p. 230. Those of Saint ROSELINE DE ViLLENEUVE {ibid., tome ii., p. 246), and Galiote DE GOURDON DE Genouillac {ibid., tome i., p. 317), are other examples of the same custom ; and the idea that only the Knights and Grand Crosses of the Order had the privilege of placing their shield of arms upon the eight-pointed cross, or badge, is thus clearly shown to be quite without foundation.

The clerical members and officials of any Order of

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Knighthood are entitled to use its ribbon and badge as an external ornament of their shield of arms. If they belong to the lower classes of the Order, and so are only entitled to wear the ribbon and badge at the button-hole, or on the left breast — then the cross is suspended by its ribbon from the base of the shield. But if they have higher rank which entitles them to wear the ribbon and badge en sautoir — that is by a ribbon passing round the neck and supporting the badge at the neck or middle of the breast — then they have also the right to surround the escucheon with the ribbon of the Order supporting its pendant badge, and (according to circumstances) to place their escucheon upon the Cross of the Order.

Before the disestablishment of the Irish Church, the Dean of S. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin held the office of Registrar of the Order of S. Patrick, and used its ribbon and badge both as a personal and as a heraldic decoration. {^See also under ARMAGH and DUBLIN.)*

One of the Colonial Bishops (at the present time Archbishop Machray of Rupert's Land) holds the office of Prelate of the Colonial Order of S. MICHAEL and S. George, and wears its insignia. He also sur- rounds his arms with the ribbon and pendant badge.

The Canons of S. Georc;e's Chapel, Windsor, wore in grand ceremonies of the Order of the Garter mantles of murrey taffi^ta having on the right shoulder an escucheon of the arms of the Order {Argent, a cross gules') in a roundle embroidered with gold and silk, but they had no other badge at any time.

CHAPTER IV.

ABBOTS AND ABBESSES. -The Crosier, or Pastoral Staff- Its History— The Celtic Staff— The Bachul More, and S. FiLLAN^s Quigrich — 1\i^ Crutch, or Tauheaded Staff— Mediaeval Crosiers — The Mitre — Its History — Anglo-Saxon Mitres — Different kinds of Mitres — Their Colour — Abbh-com- mendataires — Custodinos — Abb^s R^guliers — The Sudarium — The Abbatial Hat — Ensigns of Temporal Jurisdiction — Ecclesiastical Princes and Princesses — The Cordelicre.

In ancient times the only external ornament by which the dignity of Abbot, or Abbess, was heraldically denoted, was the crosier, or pastoral staff with a crook-head, which was placed in pale behind the shield of arms.

Even in later times some abbots were content to use the crosier only as a mark of their office, thus J BAN l)E MONTENAY, " Superieur general des Chanoines R^guliers de la Congregation de France," and Abbe de S. Genevieve in i69i,bore: Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or,m a cartouche, behind which is a crosier in pale (GuiGARD, Armorial du Bibliophile, ii., 1 24). J EAN DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Abbe de Marmoutiers (d. 1 583), used his shield {BureU argent and azure overall three chevrons gules, t lie first Mnif) with a simple crosier behind the shield, the whole surrounded by a wreath of two palm branches. {Ibid., ii., 32.)

Those who are interested in the ecclesiastical origin and use of the crosier will find abundant information in the 2nd vol. of Smith's Christian Antiquities; in M ARTIGNY, Dictionnaire des Antiquith Chr^tiennes ; and especially in a Monograph on Le Baton pastoral by rAbb<§ Barrault, and Arthur Martin, Paris, 1856, which is declared by the writer in Smith's Dictionary to

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be th6 most elaborate treatise on the subject. The limits of the present work preclude more than a few- brief notes. The pastoral staff, or crosier, was cm- ployed as early as the fourth century as a sign of the episcopal dignity ; a century or so later it appears to be used by abbots. PUGIN seems to think that the use by abbots is coeval with that by bishops.

In the life of St. C^sarius. Bishop of Arles, written by one of his own clergy in 502 ; we find that on some public occasions his staff was carried by a cleric. " Cum vir Dei ... ad aliam ecclesiam pergeret clericus cui cura erat baculum illius portare, quod notariorum officium erat, oblitus est, in quo ministerio ego serviebam, etc. (Quoted from his life in the Acfa Sanctorum, August, tom. vi., p. 79, by Dr RoCK, Church of our Fathers, vol. ii., p. 182.) We learn also from S. Isidore of Seville, that a staff was delivered to a newly consecrated bishop as a sign of authority ; and the Pontifical o^ EGBERT of York, as well as an Anglo-Saxon Pontifical preserved at Rouen, give an identical exhortation, — " Cum datur baculus licec oratio dtcitur: Accipc baculum pastoral is officii, et sis in corrigendis vitiis sieviens," etc. {See Martene, De Antiq. Eccl, Rit., tom. ii., lib. i., cap. viii. ; and Rock, loc. cit.).

The right to use the staff as a symbol of office docs not appear to have been conceded to abbesses until a much later period. In comparatively modern times its heraldic use per abusum has passed to ecclesiastics of lower rank as will be shown later. No doubt the pastoral staff was originally only the walking staff of the venerable bearer, which supported his steps in his peregrinations, and on the crutch head of which his body rested somewhat in the long offices of religion. But it soon became the symbol of spiritual authority.

TJie earliest type of the Episcopal crosier represented

FLATS ril.

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to his predecessor's Historical Notices of S. FillarCs Crosier.

In the Eastern Churches the pastoral staff of the Bishops, Abbots, etc., terminates not in a crook, but in a crutch, or tau, usually of the precious metals, but occasionally of ivory, and of elaborate workmanship and expensive adornment. In the lengthy Ecclesiastical offices of the Eastern Church the sitting posture is verj' rarely permitted, and the original crutch would be a sensible support to its user when weary. In the West the Tau was the badge of the Order of S. Anthony {v, p. 75, and Plate V., fig. 10), and accordingly was used by the Abbots of that Order. But its use was not confined to them. In the tomb of MoRAND, Abbot of S. Germain DES Pr£s in 990, there was found a pastoral staff, six feet long, topped with a Tau of perforated ivory joined to the hazel shaft by a copper ferrule. (Labarte, Handbook of tlu Arts of the Middle Ages, p. 382. A Tau-headed crosier is also represented on the sculptured slabs at Ipswich described and figured in Mr J. ROMILLY Allen's Early Christian Symbolism, p. 319, and fig. 116.)

Dr Rock in The Church of our Fathers gives much information about the early pastoral staves in use in Britain. They were at first of wood, cypress, ebony, cedar, elder, or pear, with heads or crooks of ivory, horn, or metal. Later they came to be constructed entirely of ivory (this necessitated the introduction of rings or bands), or of silver gilt, while the heads were resplendent with gold, gems, and costly enamels. This was the same in other countries and gave rise to the sneering rhymes of the old French jester :

Au temps passd, du si^cle d'or, Crosse de bois, eveque d'or. Mainlenant, changeant les lois, Crosse d'or, dveque de bois.

Some finely carved crosier heads of ivory and others.

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of enamel are preserved in the South Kensington Museum, the Mus^e dc Cluny, the Musee du Louvre, etc. The crosiers which appear on early seals are drawn on too small a scale to afford us much information as to details but they at least preserve for us their general form. The most ancient one engraved in Demav {Le Costume d'apres les Sceaux\ is that of RICHARD, Arch- bishop of Sens, in 1067, which is a very short curved staff with a full volute. In the next century the staff is lengthened, and the volute springs from a knob, as on the seal of ACHARI), Bishop of Avranches, 1 161 to 1 170. (Plate VIII., fig. 2.) Thereafter the staff is increased to the full height of a man ; the volute becomes more elaborate and ends in a flower, or a serpent's head, and by degrees foliations, or crocketings, are added to its outline ; then a figure, or a group of figures, is introduced in the volute ; and finally the knob is developed into a scries of pinnacles, and architectural niches, enclosing figures of saints and angels, culminating in such magnificent crosiers as that

of William of Wvkeham, Bishop of Winchester, which is preserved in New Colle(;e, Oxford. It should be said that the crosiers on mediaeval seals arc almost invariably treated in the simplest way. Mr St. John Hope tells us that it is only on the seal of Adam DE Orlp:ton of Hereford, 13 17, that we first meet with

a richly wrought crook.

A fine early crosier of bone, with a triple volute ending in a dragon's head but having no boss, \^ to be seen in the Royal Museum of Northern Antiquities in Copen- hagen, and it is figured (as well as the ivory head of a later one with a boss) in WORSAAE, Xordiske Old sage r, Nos. 542-543. The same work contains an engraving of what is called "En Abbeds Stav" of the early part of the sixteenth century; a disc of perforated metal consisting of a cross inscribed in a circle, and having in the angles

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the Evangelistic symbols (No. 617). The crosier of the Archbishop of LuND, of which the volute encloses a Paschal-Lamb, is No. 616 of the same collection. It is said by some that as early as the seventh century the use of the mitre and other Episcopal insignia had been conceded as a matter of favour to certain Abbots, but, as will appear later, this is extremely unlikely. When the custom arose of adding the insignia of ecclesiastical authority as external ornaments to the armorial escucheon, the mitre was naturally placed above the shield by those Abbots who had the privilege of wearing it. In more modern times instances are not wanting where it was used heraldically by those who had not the smallest right to it ecclesiastically, and examples will be found further on in this volume.

Those who are interested in the early use of the mitre as an ecclesiastical vestment are referred, as in the case of the pastoral staff, to the able article on the subject in Smith's Dictionary of Christian Antiquities^ which is largely drawn from Hefele's Essay: — Inful, Mitra unci Tiaray in his Beitrdge sur kirchcn geschichte, Archdologie, und Liturgik ; and other authoritative sources. It will be difficult for those who read it to dissent from the conclusion of the writer (which is against Hefele's argument) that "no case at all has been made out for a general use of an official head-dress of Christian ministers during the first eight or nine centuries after Christ. . . . The remains of Christian art, which can really be considered trustworthy, furnish no evidence whatever for the use of such a head-dress, but distinctly point the other way ; ... we may still fairly say with Menard — *vix ante annum post Christum natum millesimum mitrai usum in ecclesia fuisse' {Greg, Sacr.y

557)"

I may add that there is no allusion to them in the

ancient Sacramentaries, Liturgies, or Rituals. Pope

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Innocent III. says that Constantine at the moment of quitting Rome for Constantinople desired to give his royal coronet to S. Sylvester, but the latter took for covering a round mitre with embroidery of gold (or as Platina says, a white mitre), but this had no distinctly official, or ecclesiastical, character. " Even a writer so late as Ivo of Chartres (d. 1115) while describing the Jewish mitra, makes no mention of its Christian equivalent There are grounds, however, for believing that the mitre was an ornament specially connected with the Roman Church, from whence its use spread gradually over Western Christendom, though its use had evidently not become universal in Ivo\s time" {^Dict, of Christian Antiquities, ii., p. 1216). Panuin, who died in the pontificate of Plus V., says — **Mitrarum usum in Romana ecclesia non ante sexcentos annos esse opinor." But after the year 1000 the references to their use become frequent. S. Bernard tells us that Pope Innocent III. received S. Malachi at Rome, taking off his own mitre to place it on the head of his saintly visitor.

I may here borrow from the Article in the Diet, of Christian Antiquities one or two of the instances used to illustrate the connection of the mitre with the Roman See. Archbishop Eberhard of Treves received from the hands of S. Leo in S. Pexer*S at Rome on Passion Sunday 1049 the " Roman mitre." The Pope's words in the charter are '^Romana mitra caput vestrum insig- nivimus, qua et vos et successores vestri in ecclesiasticis officiis Romano more semper utamini." In a similar grant to Adalbert, Bishop of Hamburg, it is said of the mitre "quod est insigne Romanorum." Peter Damian {c, 1070) writes an indignant letter to the Anti- Pope HoNORius II. (Cadalous, Bishop of Parma) and says " habes nunc forsitan mitram, habes juxta morem Romani pontificis rubram cappam." In 11 19

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Calixtus II. grants the use of the mitre to GODEBALD, Bishop of Utrecht. {^Dict, Christian Antiquities,\\.,\2\6) With regard to the Roman Court, Baron i US under the year ii 37 says: — ** Mos erat non nisi mitratos romanos pontifices ad audientiam admittere petentes audiri." It is curious to find the privilege of using the mitre occa- sionally conferred upon laymen. ALEXANDER II. sent one to Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, in token of esteem ; and INNOCENT II., did the same to ROGER, Count of Sicily.

But the shape of the mitre in those early days differed most materially from that of mediaeval and modern . times. Dr RoCK in his learned work on the Church of Our Fatlurs, vol. ii., speaks of a kind of handkerchief of linen, tied with fillets and having an enclosing circlet of gold, as being worn by Anglo-Saxon Bishops, but his plate of twelfth century Ecclesiastics derived from an Anglo-Norman manuscript (CoTTON MS., Nero, c. iv.) in the British Museum, corresponds pretty closely with the descriptions we have of the initra Roman a which had been generally adopted by the Episcopate before that time. It was a round bonnet, usually white in colour, which was bound round the head by an em- broidered band, fastened at first (as in the MS. referred to) at the sides, but afterwards these became the vittce or infulcB vvhich had a fringe of gold and sometimes little golden bells, and which still depend without any apparent use at the back of the modern mitre.

At the commencement of the twelfth century the round bonnet has begun to rise into a low lobe or horn above each ear. (We see the beginning of the fashion in the MS. already referred to.) These lobes rise higher until the effect produced is that of a low mitre of nearly the present shape, set on the head not with the points worn as at present, but with a point over each ear. It is thus that we find the mitre represented on the earliest

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Episcopal seals known to us, as on those of Pierre Lombard, Bishop of Paris in 1159; of Guillaume, and Achard, Bishops of AvRANCHES, 1161, etc.; of Guillaume, Archbishop of Sens, 1169 ; or in those of Arnould, Bishop of LiSlEUX in 11 70, and of ROTROU, Archbishop of RoUEN in 1175 {see our Plate VIII., where these are figured from Demav) ; in all of these the fillets fall, one over each shoulder. On the seal of Archbishop RICHARD of CANTERBURY (1174-1184) the mitre, a fairly high one, has the horns or points above the ears. {See also the seals of Alexander and Robert Bishops of Lincoln, 1123 and 1148, Catalogue of Seals in British Museiim, Nos. 1655, 1688, 1699, etc.) Towards the close of the twelfth century the mitre undergoes a change of form. In the Dictionnaire du Mobilier Franqais, tome ii., of M. ViOLLET LE Due, is a diagram showing how simple was its construction,

and I reproduce it. A piece of damask, or other material, twice as long as its breadth, was creased down the middle, and across it. Other creases were then made from the shorter central crease to the middle of the longer crease on either side, the edges were joined with or without being bevelled off, and there roughly was the mitre, to which were added a band of embroidery (another vertical piece of the same pattern which con- cealed the seams) ; and then the " historical survival," the fringed vittce at the back.

In England the first seal which gives us evidence of the new fashion of wearing the mitre by which, as at present, the points thereof are to the front and to the back, appears to be that of Hugh Pudsev, Bishop of Durham in 1153, but it was not until the close of the century that the new fashion became general here, and on the continent, as will be seen by our plate, the horned

4. PierM tximbanl, _

Up. of ParU, use. .'i. From Seal of the Abbey 6. OuUlaiiine, Abp. of of a. Amanrl, IStb Cent. Botugea, 1201.

10. Henri. AhD, of H- F™" Setl of Pari* 12. OuBIaumi, Abp. of

RhriiS,^ OffldiUty, 1250. Sen^iafe.

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mitre continued in use up to a later date, though until the commencement of the thirteenth century there was no uniformity of practice. The seal of Hugh, Bishop of AuxERRE shows us that he had adopted the new fashion as early as 1 144 ; and that of the Abbey of S. Amand also affords evidence of its use in the later portion of the twelfth century. In the thirteenth the custom of wearing the mitre as at present was firmly established {see Plate VI 1 1., composed from the sketches in Demay).

The material of the mitre had originally been simple white linen, orphreyed with embroidery ; then it was made of silk damask, or cloth of gold or silver ; finally it was adorned as at present with plates of the precious metals, and set with pearls and uncut precious stones.

In the Western Church there are now in use three kinds of mitres — the mitra simplex^ mitra aurifrigiata, and mitra pretiosa. The mitra simplex is made of plain white linen, or white silk damask, with red fillets. The orphreyed mitre^ mitra aurifrigiata^ is composed of silk damask, or cloth of silver or gold, orphreyed or em- broidered but without plates of metal, or any jewels except seed pearls. The precious mitre, mitra pretiosa, is adorned with jewels (properly uncut) and the precious metals. In the Museum at Stockholm I recently observed a mitra pre- tiosa of the fourteenth centur>' from Linkoping Cathedral, adorned with circular plates of silver gilt enamelled with half-length figures of Saints ; of these both the circular and palar bands are composed. The mitre has two shields of arms; oneof Kettil Karlsson (Vasa), who was Bishop in 1400: {Or, the vase sable) ; and the other of the See. The upper edges of the mitre have also pipings of gilt metal. As a general rule, which however has exceptions, the mitra pretiosa should be worn by none who are not of at least episcopal rank. Pope Clement IV. in 1267 permitted the use of the mitra aurifrigiata by exempt abbots, that is by the abbots whose monasteries were by

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papal rescript exempted from the canonical jurisdiction of the Bishop in whose diocese they were situated ; and he allowed the initra simplex to all others who were present in council and synod ; elsewhere the exempt abbot used whatever might be granted to him by the Papal See. So on the memorial brasses of Abbot Delameke of St. Albans, and of Abbot Estenev in Westminster Abbey the mitre represented is the mitra pretiosa, to which they probably had a right by papal grant. But in synod, and in the presence of the diocesan Bishop, abbots were ordinarily only allowed the use of the mitra simplex. To the present day this mitre alone is ordinarily worn in the presence of the Pope ; and is, for Cardinals, of white silk damask ; that of Bishops is of plain white linen ; both have red orphreys.

As to the colour of the ancient mitres Dr RocK asserts that " excepting when made from hard gold, beaten into thin plates, or of cloth of gold, its colour was invariably white." His note adds, " All the old known mitres still in existence have a white ground." He instances the mitre of S. Thomas of Canterbury preserved at Bruges, and that of William of Wvkeham of which there are remains at New College, Oxford. The Llmerick mitre was of thin plates of solid silver studded with many precious stones. Dr Rock tells that the Ordo Rovianus drawn up by Pope GrE(;orv X. in 1271 prescribes the white colour for the mitre, and directs the kind to be worn at the various times. This his extract certainly does so far as the Pope is concerned, but any one who is familiar with the works of the early Italian painters ffor instance those in the Brera at Milan, or in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence) must have a pretty clear recollection of many fine pictures in which the episcopal mitre is coloured (usually crimson, or red), and the writer must confess that he is not altogether con- vinced by Dr Rock's argument, presently to be quoted,

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that these contemporary pictures of ecclesiastics, and of ecclesiastical ceremonies, are inaccurate ; or that a red mitre was never worn in ancient times but is a mere modern pictorial invention. Dr Rock says, " I am aware that examples, though few and far between, of red mitres, can be pointed out. In a sixteenth century stained glass window at S. Jacques, Liege, and upon a late tomb in Maidstone Church, Kent, a crimson tinted mitre edged with gold appears. Let not, however, the young student in ecclesiastical antiquities be led astray upon this or another question, touching the colour of vestments, by such weak authority." His objections are, in brief, that the window is " cinque cento " or *' renaissancel' and not to be trusted, he says, because works of that epoch were done, not by men who were ecclesiastics, but by artists uncontrolled by the clergy, men who cared not for the rules and symbolism of ritual, but aimed solely at artistic effect. How far Dr Rock's examples may be fairly open to this criticism I cannot say ; but I am sure it does not apply to the works of art to which I have made reference, which belonged to an earlier age, and which, being in many cases painted for the decoration of churches, can hardly be suspected of the inaccurate or careless treat- ment of important details. In the Ecclesiastical Section of the Mediaeval Collection of the National Museum in Stockholm, I have recently seen a mitre of the four- teenth century from the Cathedral of Vesteras. It has no central band but is of two colours, light blue and red, divided quarterly by a central, and by a hori- zontal dancetty line. The whole is embroidered with seed pearls representing the Tree of Life supporting at the top a pelican in piety, between in base two unicorns turned towards the tree. The fanons also are gobon^ of the two colours and embroidered with seed pearls. But so far as concerns late mediaeval and modern usage, no doubt the learned Doctor is accurate in his statements.

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In England the arms of Abbots were frequently differenced from those of Bishops by a slight modification of the position of the mitre and pastoral staff. The Episcopal mitre was made to look straight to the front, while that of an Abbot was placed a little in profile. Again, the pastoral staff of a Bishop was represented with the crook turned away from the mitre, while that of an Abbot had the crook turned inwards to denote that his jurisdiction extended only to his monastery and its dependencies. Probably in this custom we find the origin of the old erroneous idea, not yet quite extinct, that the Abbot or Abbess carried the pastoral staff in a different manner from the Bishop. Dr Rock (in The Church of our Fathers^ vol. ii., pp. 207-210) adduces a quantity of incontestible evidence in disproof of this mistaken idea. There is, however, no doubt that the custom heraldically was as stated above {znde infrtx, under BlSHOPS, pp. 79, 80, 92).

This was also the case originally in France. Menk- TRIER says : — " Les Abbes portent la crosse et la mitre comme les Eveques, mais leur mitre doit ^tre tournee de pourfil, et la crosse devroit estre tournee en dedans, n'ayant jurisdiction spirituelle que dans leurs Cloistres. On n y regarde pas de si pr^s, et il est peu qui ne mettent I'une et Tautre comme les Eveques.'*

The same writer in his Art du Blason justifi^^ p. 220, says (in 166 1) " Les Abbes portent une crosse, les Abbez mitrez y ajoutent la mitre mais un peu tournee ;" but in 17 1 8, La Nouvelle M^thode du Blason, published under his name, declares " aujour d'hui par abus tous les Abbez- commendataires qui n'ont nulle jurisdiction portent I'une et Tautre."

An Abbtf-Commendataire was one who had a Royal grant out of the revenues of an abbey which he was supposed to administer, but who was neither resident in it nor even a member of the monastic fraternity. In

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fact the office was usually granted as a court favour to courtiers or poets whom it was desired to reward without expense to the royal revenues. The actual administra- tion of the abbey was confided to ecclesiastics who were called custodinos ; and in the eighteenth century the abbh-comviendataires no longer assumed any monastic dress, " un petit collet et une robe noire indiquaient seul qu'ils appartenaient i Tordre eccl^siastique."

Hence arose the custom of giving the honorary title of abbi to all French ecclesiastics, who were flattered by the delicate suggestion it conveyed that their merits must have procured them a benefice. The abuse by which the king took possession of the monasteries which became vacant, and held them en commende, until he chose to nominate a titular abbot, was of ancient stand- ing, going back as far as the ninth or tenth centuries. The title of abbot was then given to powerful persons who received the revenues of a monastery and exercised its seigneural rights, but left its spiritual administration in the hands of a monk who had the title of dean, or prior. Thus Henri H., Due de Guise (1614-1664), was made by Louis XHI. Abbt^'Commcndataire of S. DENIS, and S. R£my ; and accordingly placed the crozier in pale behind the coroneted shield of his quartered arms. It sometimes bore only : — Quarterly of eight, in two hori- zontal rows each of four quarters, in chief, i. Hungary, 2. Naples, 3. Jerusalem, 4. Arragon; — in base, 5. Anjou, 6. GUELDERS, 7. JULIERS, 8. Bar. Over all Lorraine. The whole escucheon was differenced by a label gules. But sometimes these quartered arms occupied the first and fourth grand-quarters ; the second and third grand-quarters being ; Quarterly, i and 4. Cleves im- paling Mark; 2 and 3. Burgundv-modern. (Both examples are given from his books in Q\3\i\\\<\^, Armorial du Bibliophile, ii., 80.) The arms of CllRlSTOPHE Pagot, Seigneur de Laulnov, Abbe- Com mcndataire of the

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Abbeys of Saint Jacques de Provins,and of Valsainte, are: Argent, a c/tevron azure between three eagle's heads sable. The shield is timbred with the coronet of a Marquis, to the dexter of which is a small mitre, and to the sinister the head of a crozier turned inwards. The supporters are two eagles. These lay-abbots were known as abbts comtes {abba'Comites\ in opposition to the abb^s riguliers.

Hugh the Great, father of Hugh Capet, is often designed by early writers Hugues VAbb^ because he had the administration of the rich abbacies of Saint Denis, Saint Martin de Tours, Saint Germain des Pr(^s, and Saint Ricquier. It was doubtless in memory of these ancestral functions that in later times the kings of France had the title and prerogatives of Abbe de Saint Martin. {^Sec Cheruel, Dictionnaire Historique des Institutions, Mceurs, et Coutumes de la France, tome i., p. 5. Paris, 1855.)

In the MtHhode du Blason are two examples, one of the arms of the Abbe de Camps {A sure, a lion rampant or, liolding a shield argent, this has the mitre on the dexter half of the escucheon full-faced and above the sinister half the head of the pastoral staff, turned out- wards. The other shows the arms of the Abb^ BOCHU *'un Abbe rc^gulier" (who bore Azure, a chevron Or between two crescents in chief argent and a lion rampant of the second in base). This has the mitre a little in profile and the pastoral staff with its head turned inwards.

So also the arms of Gun.LAUME DE LA Fay ("Abbe, ct chef g^n^ral de I'Ordre de S. Ruf") {Gules, three trefoils or) are surmounted by the mitre and pastoral staff both turned inwards, to denote " un Abb^ r^gulier." In this case the staff has attached to it the sudarium, a small scarf or veil, attached just below the crook. This was considered by some a distinction between the staves of a Bishop and Abbot. Men^triER says: —

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** Lcs Abbez d'Allemagne attachent a leurs crosses une petite ^charpe ; ce , qu'on ne pratique pas ailleurs. Neanmoins Tamburin en fait la marque de distinction entre les Eveques et les Abb^z. Baculus pastoralis quern gestare debet Abbas, orario aut sudario ometur quia abbatialis est, et per longitudinem rectam cubito- rum trium et unciarum duodecim protrahatur." {De Jure Abbat,, i., disp. 22, quaest 2.) Dr RoCK {Church of our Fatliers, vol. ii., pp. 210, 212) tells us that the only formal sanction given for such an ordinance came from S. Carlo Borromeo, and that, whatever may have been the practice in Italy, it was not observed in England ; " neither the Roman Pontifical, nor the Cere- moniale Episcoporuvi , nor any decree of the Congrega- tion of Rites, says one word upon the subject." The sudarium was used by bishops and abbots, simply for the sake of cleanliness, and to keep the burnished staff from being tarnished by the clamminess of the hand. The sudarium is attached to the staff on the tomb of Bishop Branscombe in Exeter Cathedral ; and Dr RoCK^S position may easily be fortified by reference to many medic-eval seals. Mr Mackenzie Walcot is there- fore incorrect in assuming that the sudarium was not employed by exempt Abbots {Sacred A rchceology, p. 4).

LePlaine in IJArt Ht^raldique says: "Les Abbez portent une Mitre pos^e en profil, et une crosse tourn^e en dedans vers la Mitre, sans Chapeau ; et accolent leur ecu ordinairement de deux Palmes, cc qui est nean- moins arbitraire, plusieurs mettans des supports ou tenans." " Ce que nous venons de dire des Abbez qui mettent une Mitre et une Crosse au dessus de leurs Armoiries se doit entendre de ceux qui sont crossez et mitrez, soit qu'ils soient commendataires ou R^guliers, les autres n'ayant pas le droit de porter la mitre ni la crosse." So, in Segoing's Arvioriel Universel, two instances are given of the arms of Abb^s Rdguliers ; in

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both the head of the staff is turned inward, and the palm branches are placed around the base and flanks of the shield.

If the ecclesiastical hat were used, either in addition to the mitre and pastoral staff, or above the pastoral staff alone, it was black in colour and had six houppes (i. 2. 3.) on either side. In the Gallery of Pictures at Antwerp I noticed the portrait of the famous C^CSAR Alexander Scaglia, Ambassador of Spain at the Congress of Miinster, painted by Antony van Dyck. It bears the SCAGLIA arms : Argent, a cross between four lozenges sable. The shield is surmounted by a coronet (he is styled *V,i-. coin, Vernicce, Abbas Stephardice et Maptdanicis'') and the black hat, with its six liouppes on each side, surmounts the whole. When the coronet is used with the mitre and staff, either in abbatial or episcopal arms, it runs along the whole top of the escu- cheon ; the mitre and head of the staff appear above or on either side of the coronet. {See Plates VI., IX., XI.) Sebastien Galigai, Abb^ de Marmoutiers, in 1617, was content to use a hat with only three houppes on either side (i. 2.). His shield of arms bore : (9r, a chain ifi scdtire azure^ and was surmounted by a mitre to the dexter, and a crosier is placed in pale behind the shield so that its crook, turned inwards, appears above the shield to the sinister. The black hat is above all. (GuiGARD, i.,231.) The arms of Benoit B£thune des Planques, Abbot of S. Bertin at S. Omer in 1677, are: Afgent, a fess gules ^ in dexter chief a small escucheon of the arms of Saveuse, viz.. Gules, a bend between six billets or. These are in a cartouche surmounted by the coronet of a count, above which are visible a small mitre, and the head of the crosier. (GuiGARD, i., 94.)

In Glafev's Sigilla is engraved the seal of the Polish Abbot Krasinski. On it the arms are timbred with a coronet, above which is placed the crest without a helmet,

L De SeiTM, Bubop of Pay.lfl

a. Haller.Bp. of TTar«^

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and the whole is surmounted by the ecclesiastical hat with its six houppes, on either side.

It may be noted that occasionally the official arms of an Abbot differed from those of his Monastery. Thus the Abb^ de MarmoOtier bore : Aaure, three sceptres^ or bourdons^ in pale and saltire or ; while the arms of the Abbey were: Vert^ the mounted figure of S. Martin, dividing his cloak with a beggar, all proper.

In Part II. of this work will be found a list of those Abbots and Abbesses who were temporal Princes and Princesses of the Holy Roman Empire. All these timbred their arms with the coronets, of their princely rank. The shields were frequently surmounted by several crested helmets {inde ante, p. 35), and the mitre itself was usually placed, with or without an inter- vening crimson cushion, upon one of the helmets {cf. Plate XVI.). The naked sword of temporal authority and the pastoral staff were placed by them in saltire behind the shield.

After this fashion the Abbots of S. PETER, in Monte Blandino, at Ghent, used to place the sword as well as the pastoral staff behind their arms to denote their temporal jurisdiction over a portion of the city. The Abbot of the Premonstratensian Monastery of S. Michael at Antwerp placed in saltire behind his mitred shield his pastoral staff, and a long shafted cross, such as S. Michael is represented as wielding in his conflict with Satan. The Abbot-General of the Olivetains at Bologna, and the Abbot of San Geokcio Maggiore at Venice, had a similar custom ; the former substituting a branch of olive, the latter the lance of S. GEORGE, for the cross.

The Abbots and Commanders of the Order ok S. Anthony either added to their arms the tau-shaped cross, the badge of the saint (Plate V., ^^. 10), or (in more recent times) placed their shield upon the tan so

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that its arms projected beyond the shield, just as in the case of the members of the Order of S. John OF Jerusalem {cf. Plate XIII., fig. 32).

In France, in the seventeenth and later centuries, Abbots frequently ensigned their arms with the coronets of their families ; as well as with the insignia of their ecclesiastical rank. Thus, Gabriel de Chateau- BRL\ND, Abbe de Trlsav, in 1630, placed above his arms {Gules ^ seme de fleurs-de-lis or) the countly coronet, showing nine pearls ; above which are the mitre and the head of the pastoral staff, the point of the latter of course appears at the base of the shield. Two palm branches surround the base and sides of the shield, being tied together at its foot. {See Plate VI., fig. 2.) Abbesses placed their pastoral staff in pale behind the lozenge, or shield, of their arms, which was usually surrounded by a cordeliere of knotted black, or black and white, silk, or sometimes by palms, or a crown of thorns. Those who were of great families usually added the coronet, and if of ducal rank sometimes also the mant- ling around the shield {see the arms of the Abbesses

DE Lorraine, d'Espinav, de Souvr£, d'Albert, DE Vass£, and de la Porte, on Plate VI L).

According to FORD, the Abbess of Las Huelgas, near Burgos, was a Princess-palatine, and inferior in dignity to no one but the Queen. She was mitred, and possessed the rights of a seflora de horca y cuchillo (/>., she had the rights of life and death, "pit and gallows"). She was styled " Por la gracia de Dios " and the monastery was exempt and extra diocesan. (I have only visited las Huelgas on ferial days, and so have missed seeing the mitre.)

As an example of the German use, I add here the description of the armorial insignia of the Abbess of BuciiAU, Princess of the Empire, of the house of K()Nlc;sECK-ROTENFELS. Per fess : — A. Per pale I.

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Quarterly, i and 4. Argent three lions passant gules ; 2 and 3. Lozengy argent and gules ; II. Vert, a cross gules, in the dexter chief canton the sun in splendour, in the sinister a crescent figured or (BUCHAU). B. Lozengy bendy sinister or and gules (K(")NIGSKCK). The shield is supported by two golden lions rampant. The pastoral staff, and temporal sword are in saltire behind the shield, and the whole is surmounted by a princely hat, or coronet, of crimson velvet turned up with ermine, and adorned with gold.

Often the German Prince-Abbots quartered their official with their personal arms ; thus in 1688 Placidus VON Drostk, Abbot of P'ULDA, bore ; Quarterly, i and 4. Argent, a cross sable (Fulda) ; 2 and 3. Per bend nebuU icr^n^U?) or and gules (voN Dkoste). (^See K(')HLKR, MitnZ'Belustigung, xiv., p. 24 1 .) The Abbots of Wkkden appear to have generally preferred another arrangement. In 1698, Ferdinand, Baron of Ehreville, bore a shield in which the quarters are separated by a plain cross throughout Quarterly, i and 4. 7 he arms of the Empire ; 2 and 3. Barry . . . and . . . oi^er all a lion rampant . . . croiuned . . . ; and placed the arms of the Abbey : — Gules, tiuo croziers in saliii-e proper, en surtout on the centre of the cross. The main shield is mitred, and the temporal sword (head to the dexter) and crosier are in saltire behind it. Similarly one of his successors, Abbot Theodore, in 1724 used exactly the same arrangement except that the second and third quarters are charged with his personal arms \ . . . a saltire between four annulets . . (KcHlLER, xiii., pp. 193,

201). But Anselm von Sonius, Abbot of Werden and H ELMSTADT, bore : — Quarterly of six ; I and 6. Azure, a cross argent ; 2 and 5. Azure, a double-headed eagle dis- played or ; 3 and 4. Gules, two croziers i?i saltire proper (Werden). Over all, Azure, a sun in splendour

(Sonius). (Gatterer, Heraldik, p. 45.)

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In France the regular Abbots sometimes used only their personal arms, at others they either impaled or quartered with them the arms of the Abbey. Thus, AUGUSTIN LE SCELLIER, Abbot of Pr£montr£ in 1656, and Claude Honor£ Lucas, Abbot in 1709, both impaled the arms of the Abbey with their own, but an intermediate Abbot, MiCHEL COLBERT, in 1672, quartered them with his personal coat : — Or, a serpent wavy in pale azure, (Demay, Sceaux de la Normandie, Nos. 2848, 2849.)

CHAPTER V.

BISHOPS. — Official Arms, how borne — Bishops Elect — The Ecclesiastical Pairs de France — French Coronations — Arms of the Fairies — The Mantle — German, Italian, and French Usages — The Mitre and Pastoral Staff^The Temporal Sword — Military Fiefs — Helmets — English Uses — The Episcopal Hat — Temporal Dignities attached to Ecclesiastical Offices — Coronets — The Mitre as a Crest — Gonfanons — Advouifs — Vidames^ etc.

The usual external ornament by which the arms of Bishops are distinguished is the mitre placed full-faced upon the shield, and in Great Britain the use of any other ensign of authority is very infrequent ; though occasionally, but it seems improperly, two crosiers are placed in saltire behind the shield. (This can only fitly be done in the case of conjoined dioceses.) The book- plate of Bishop GiLHEKT Burnett of Salisbury shows a shield bearing the arms of the See (Plate XXV., fig. i) impaling his personal coat (^Argent, a hunting-horn sable stringed gules, in the boiv a mullet for difference, /// chief three burnet — apparently not holly — leaves vert). The shield is encircled by the Garter, of which Order the Bishop of Salishukv was then Chancellor. Above the Garter is a full-faced mitre, and a crosier and key are placed in saltire behind the shield.

Abroad, the mitre and the pastoral staff are generally employed, the former is placed full-faced, the crosier has its head generally, but not invariably, turned outwards. On the arms of French Bishops the mitre is placed above the top edge of the shield to the dexter, the head of the crosier occupying a similar position to the sinister. As

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to the direction of the crook we find that, whatever the strict rule may be, it is frequently disregarded. Plate IX. contains the arms of two French Bishops : DK Serres, Bishop of Puy, to which allusion will be made later; and Malier, Bishop of Troyes, the latter bore: — Argent^ a fess azure between three roses gules, barbed and seeded proper, in these and the other numerous examples of the arms of French Bishops given in Magneney's Recueil des Amies, the head of the staff IS turned one way and the other indifferently, just as it was by Abbots {ik preceding chapter, p. 70).

On some mediaeval seals the Bishop is represented holding a book, but without the mitre and pastoral staff. It may be well to remember that when this is the case the person represented was Bishop-elect, but had not received consecration. " Es de avertir que la falta dc mitra y de baculo . . . denotan constantamente en el sello de un obispo la calidad de electo y no conse- grado." Selios Reales y ecclesiasticos : reinados de Don Alfonso X, y Sancho IV. in Dorregaray's Museo Espaflol de Antiguedades, vol. ii., p. 541. Madrid, 1863. The example there given is of a Bishop-elect of Toledo. The Seal of Florenxe, Bishop-elect of Glasgow in 1202, bears the figure of the Bishop without pontificals seated before a lectern, holding a palm branch in his hand as if teaching (Laing, Scottish Seals, vol. i., p. i63» plate XV., fig. 3, and Reg, Episc. Glasg,, plate i., fig. 3). This Bishop-elect was never consecrated, and he resigned his See in 1207. Roger, Lord-Chancellor of Scotland in 1 178, elected Bishop of S. ANDREWS {circa 1 188), bore his seated effigy holding a rod and a book. A seal in 1 193 shows that he had by that time been consecrated, as on it he is represented in pontificals. In Glafey, Specimen Decadent Sigillorum, Lipsia;, 1749, tab. ii., fig. 15 represents the seal of Albertus " Electus Cenetensis,'* which I take to be Cerreto in Naples. The Bishop is

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Simply habited in a gown, and holds a book before his breast. On the seals of Richard Kellaw, 131 i, and Louis de Beaumont, 13 18, both Bishops-elect of Durham, they are represented without pontificals, kneeling in prayer {^Brit. Mus, Cat,^ vol. i., Nos. 2456, 2458).

In the Introductory Chapter I have alluded to the practice by which a Bishop who possessed no armorial bearings by inheritance, generally assumed for himself either a coat borne by a family of the same name, from which he supposed he might be descended ; or, and with much greater propriety, an entirely new coat, and this is the custom still both among Anglican Bjshops,and those of the Roman obedience.

Mgr. Pie, Bishop of Poitiers in 1863 assumed the following personal arms : Azure, on a pedestal argent, the effigy of Ndtre Dame de Chartres proper. The charge is the representation of the eflfigy of the Blessed Virgin and Holy Child, both black in colour, just as it exists in the shrine in the Cathedral of CHARTRES. Mgr. Angebault, Bishop of Angers, about the same time assumed : Azure, a Passion-Cross and a fouled anchor in salt ire argent, (Both coats are engraved in Le Hcraut d' Amies, pp. 362, 406. Paris, 1863.) FraN(;ois Boussen, Bishop of Bruges (1834- 1849) bore: Argent, the figure of the Good Shepherd proper ; and the present venerated Bishop Jean Joseph Faiet (consecrated in 1864) bears: Argent, a cross gules, on the centre poitit a heart of the last irradiated or. In 1891 the arms of the Bishop of Limoges were : Argent, on a cross sable the monogram XP combined or. The shield was timbred with a ducal coronet, between a mitre and crosier. A (legatine?) cross is in pale behind the shield and a hat with ten houppes (i. 2. 3. 4.) surmounted the whole.

The arms of the Spanish Cardinal LOUIS, Belluga V MONCADA (b. 1663, created Cardinal in 17 19) appear to

G

I

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be a curious example of an assumed coat of faulty heraldry : Purpure^ rising from and wedged into a mount in base a long cross botonn^e verty t/ie upper part irradiated y sunf{ounted in fess point by a large heart pierced on eitlier side by three swords proper {Roma Sancta^ No. xlviii.,

Rossi i., 289.)

Very generally (and especially in those southern countries where many of the Sees appear to have no fixed official arms) the personal arms, whether inherited or assumed, are alone used by foreign ecclesiastics with the external ornaments of their rank.

On the earliest Episcopal Seals in England in which both arms of the See and the personal arms of its occupant appear they were not at first combined, but were represented in separate escucheons. But although as early as 1396 the seal of Thomas Arundel, Arch- bishop of Canterbury, bears an escucheon on which the arms of the See are impaled with his personal quartered coat of FiTZALAN and Warren, I do not think the custom of impalement was generally adopted until at least a century later. Edmund Lacy, Bishop of Exeter, 1420, impaled the arms of the See with his personal coat. Azure^ three slioveller's /leads erased {Brit, Mus, Cat.y i., 1566) but this is exceptional. After the Reformation the present use became general. The seal of Bishop Wren of Ely (1638- 1667) bears four escucheons in cross which contain the arms of the three Sees to which he had been successively preferred : — ELY, Norwich, and Hereford, and, in base, his personal coat ; a curious example, but not worthy of imitation.

We may remark that in a few cases the personal arms of a Bishop were eventually adopted as the bearings of the See, and as such used by his successors. Examples will be found later under the Sees of Mainz, Here- ford, and Worcester; Albi has already been men- tioned at p. 18.

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Abroad there is considerable variety of usage with regard to the use of official arms when any exist.

Fabritius Paulutius, of FoRLi, Bishop of Prato gave the place of honour to his personal arms : — (Or, three bars sable^ on a chief gules a rose argent), when he impaled them with those of his See : Per pale (a) Gules, semi of fleurs-de-lis or (usually with the Angevin chief, Azure, three fleurs-de-lis, and a label gules of four points), (b) Or, an eagle dimidiated sable.

The Bishops of Bruges in Flanders usually quartered the arms of the See with their personal arms, but placed the official coat in the 2nd and 3rd quarters. Those of the See are : Or, a lion rampant sable, collared argent, and having a plain cross of t/te same pendant. But Bishops who were already entitled to bear quartered coats by descent, placed the arms of the See en surtout. For example Bishops Hendrik van Susteren (1716-1743) bore : Quarterly, i and 4. Gules, a cluvron between two stages heads in profile and a leopard's head in base or ; 2 and 3. Azure, a wluel argent ; over all an escucheon of the arms of the Sec, J KAN Robert Caimo, Bishop (1753- 1771) bore: Quarterly, i and 4. Argent, a fess azure ; 2 and 3. Or, three canettes sable, with the arms of the See en surtout.

These notes are taken from the interesting series of Episcopal arms, from 15 12 to the present time, which are painted around and beneath the great west window of the Church of St. Sauveur at Bruges.

In the MS. Armorial du Hiraut Gueldre of the fourteenth century the arms of the then Bishop of Beauvais are emblazoned : Qiiarterly, i and 4. The Arms of the See : Or, a cross between four keys paleways wards in chief gules ; 2 and 3. . . . three leopards Jiecuis ; 2 and i. . . . the personal arms of the Bishop. The Bishop of Beauvais was one of the six great Ecclesiastical peers of France. The Pairs de France

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were originally only twelve in number ; six lay peers who were the great feudatories ; — i. The Duke of Normandy ; 2. The Duke of Burgundy ; 3. The Duke of GUIENNE or Aquitaine ; 4. The Count of Flanders ; 5. the Count of Champagne ; 6. The Count of Toulouse : — and six ecclesiastical peers, who were originally the immediate vassals of the Duchy of France, a fact which explains how it came to pass that with the exception of the Archbishop of Reims they were all simple bishops, inferior in the ecclesiastical hierarchy to the Metropolitans of Lyon, BoURCiES, Toulouse, Bourdeaux, etc These twelve great vassals, holding their lands immediately from the King, formed a High Court, or special tribunal for the trial of causes affecting any of their number, and took a special part in the coronation of the King. The six Ecclesiastical Pairs dc France were then ; — i. The Archbishop-Duke of Reims ; 2. The Bishop-Duke of Laon ; 3. The Bishop- Duke of Langres ; 4. The Bishop-Count of Beauvais ; 5. The Bishop-Count of Chalons {sur Mame) ; 6. The Bishop-Count of NoYON.

I. P^re Anselme makes the Pairie of the Archbishops of Reims (who were also legati nati of the Holy See, and Primates of Belgian Gaul) to ascend to the year 1 179 when Guillaume de Champagne, Cardinal-Arch- bishop of Reims, crowned King Philip Augustus. This right of coronation was the special privilege attach- ing to this peerage. In the absence of the Archbishop the honour of officiating devolved upon the Bishop of SOISSONS, who was not a peer. He actually officiated at the coronation of Louis XIV., the See of Reims being then vacant. (We may note in passing that the Provost, Dean, Dignitaries, and Canons of Reims, made an energetic protest against the supposition, and assertion in a certain Proch Verbal, that the Bishop of SOISSONS had any right whatever so to officiate without their formal

ECCLESIABTICAL "PAHtS DB FRANCE."

>. Falii do Tulud. Bp. Haunt uf ClulmiH 6. Henri BurwUt, Bp. Count of KoyoD

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permission (which as a matter of fact the said Bishop had thought it prudent to obtain), and they claimed for themselves and for the fabric of the Church the offer- ings made at the ceremony. 2. The Bishop-Duke of Laon bore in the coronation procession La Sainte AmpouUy the vessel in the form of a dove, containing the sacringoil — \i\s pairie dated from 11 74. 3. The Bishop- Duke of Langres carried at the coronation the Royal Sword, having been successful in a dispute for precedence with ; 4. The Bishop-Count of Bkauvais, whose pairie appeared to date only from 1189, he carried and pre- sented the Royal Mantle at the coronation. The other two peers carried respectively the Royal Signet ring ; and the Royal scarf and belt. If any of these ecclesiastical Peers were unable to be present at the coronation their places were supplied in order of seniority by their juniors. Thus at the coronation of Louis XIV., the Bishop of Beauvais represented the absent Bishop-Duke of Laon ; the Bishop-Count of Chalons represented the Bishop- Duke of Langres, the Bishop of Noyon represented the Bishop-Count of Beauvais, while the Archbishops of BOURGES and RoUEN filled the places of the Bishops of Chalons and Novon who were officiating for their absent seniors.

The official arms attaching to these Fairies were as follows : —

REIMS: France-ancient {A::urc, scmt^ of flairs-de- lis or) a cross f^iies.

Laon : France-ancient, a crosier in pale gules,

Langres : France-ancient, a saltire gules.

Beauvais : Or^ a cross betiueen four keys paleways gules,

Chalons : Azure^ a cross argent between four fleurs-de- lis or.

NovoN : France-ancient, two croziers addorsed paleways argent, (These are engraved on Plate X., and

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are impaled with the arms of the occupants of the Sees in 1679.)

These arms were borne impaled or quartered at pleasure with the personal arms, and were surmounted by the coronet of duke or count according to the dignity- attached to the pairicy and surrounded by the manteau armoy^ and ermine lined, which was the privilege of the Peers. The archi-episcopal, or episcopal, hat was placed above the whole. The Archbishop of Reims placed his cross in pale behind the shield.

It is worthy of notice that when these ecclesiastical peers impaled or quartered their official coats they did not give them precedence over their personal arms. Thus Charles des Cars, Bishop-Duke of Langres in 1614, bore his personal arms. Gules ^ a pcUe vair in the first and fourth quarters ; so also BENJAMIN DE Brichanteau, Bishop-Duke of Laon in 1619 bore his arms, Azure, ten plates 3. 2. I. in the first and fourth, {See MaGNENEY'S, Recueil des Annes, planclie 12. The official arms are impaled in our Plate X.)

The Archbishop of Sens quartered the arms of his See {Azure, a cross argent between four pastoral staves or\ with his personal arms. In the treasury at SENS is a silver reliquary bearing the arms of Archbishop GuiL- LAUME DE Melun in 1 339- They are, curiously, en banniere, and are : — Quarterly, i and 4. Azure, seven bezants three, three, one, and a chief or ; 2 and 3. The anns of tlu See. The Archi-episcopal cross is placed in bend over all, extending over the first and fourth quarters, an arrangement worthy of remark. (Menet- RIER, Recherches du Blason, pp. 252-3.) I have noticed the same practice of quartering in the second and third the arms of other French Sees, when these were used at all ; but the arms of JACQUES DE Serres, Bishop of Puy, and Comte de Velay in 163 1, engraved on Plate IX., fig. I, appear to be an exception.

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In Germany the use of official coats is ver>' much more general, and they are borne with considerable variety of use. The arms of the See and the personal arms of the Bishop are sometimes placed in two shields accoUs under a single mitre or hat. Thus in the Carmelite Monastery of FRANKFURT AM Mayn are the arms of Matthew Lang von Wellenburc;, Archbishop of Salzburg (1519-1540) who had filled the office of coadjutor since 1514, and was made Cardinal in 1511. He used two shields accoUs^ the dexter contained the arms of his See : Per pale (a) Or, a lion rampant sable (b) Gules a fess argent ; the sinister was occupied by his personal arms : Per pale argent and gules ^ a rose and a fleur-de-lis dimidiated^ conjoined^ and counter-changed. The archi-episcopal cross stands in pale behind the shields, and the hat of that dignity surmounts the whole. Joseph, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince-Bishop of AUGSBURG (1740-1768) in 1744 arranged his arms in two oval cartouches, the dexter of his See (p. 88) the sinister of his family. Quarterly of six in three horizontal rows of two coats : — i. Argent ^ a cross patriarchal gules. (Abbey of HiRSCHFELi), secu- larised at the Peace of Westphalia.) 2. Per fess sable and ory in chief an estoile of the second (often argent^. (County of Ziegenhain.) 3. Per fess (a) Or a lion rampant giiles^ armed and crowned azure. (County of Catzenellnbogen) ; (b) Per fess sable and or, in chief two estoiles of the first. (County of NiDDA.) 4. Per fess (a) Gules, two lions passant in pale or. (County of DiETZ). (b) Or, three chevrons gules, (County of Hanau.) 5. Gules, an esaicheon per fess of the first and argent, between three Passion nails in pairle, and as many demi-nettle leaves alternately of the second. (SCHAUM- BURG.) 6. Argent, two bars sable. (County of ISEN- BURG.) Over all an escucheon of Hesse, en surtout : Azure, a lion rampant double queue barry of ten gules and

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argent crowned .or. Both escucheons are crowned, the first with the princely hat of crimson turned up with ermine ; the second with a landgrave's coronet and cap. Between and above both is a single plain mitre, while the pastoral staff and the temporal sword are placed in saltire behind them (this arrangement is also found on a medal engraved in KOHLER, Miinz-Belustigung^ vol. xix., p. 369).

Sometimes the coat of the See was quartered with the personal arms ; thus John Christopher von Frey- BURG, Prince-Bishop of AuGSBURG (1665-1690) bore: Quarterly^ i and 4. Per pale gules and argent (See of Augsburg) ; 2 and 3. Per f ess argent and azure in base three bezants (voN Freyburg) with the usual additions of external ornaments. So Joseph Mors, Bishop of Chur in 1628 quartered the arms of his See {Afgent, a steinbock rampant sable\ in the first and fourth places. His personal coat Argent, a demi-Moor sable, being in the second and third. (KoHLER, Miinz-Belustigung, vol. xii.)

Another common arrangement in Germany when several Sees were held by the same prelate, was that by which the arms of the Sees, and of their dependent Lordships, were quartered, and the prelate's personal arms placed on an escucheon en surtout. So also Peter Philip, of the Counts von Dernbach, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg (1672-1683) and of Wurzburg in 1675, as such Duke of Franconia {v, p. 93), arranged his arms thus: Quarterly, i. and 4. (Bamberg) Or, a lion rampant sable, over all a bend argent. 2. (Franconia) Per fess indented gules and argent. 3. (Wurzburg) Azure, a banner quarterly gules and argent flying towards tlie chief from a lance in bend or. Over all, Dernbach : Azure, billetty three hearts in pale or. In 1661, Fredrick William, Count von Wartenberg, Cardinal-Bishop of Regensburg, Osnabruck, Minden, and Verden,

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quartered the arms of his Sees (for which see the respec- tive names in Part II.). Over all an escucheon of Wartenberg : Argent^ on a fess between three torteaux, a hunting-horn stringed or. The pastoral staff and temporal sword are, as usual, in saltire behind the shield and a cardinal's hat surmounts the whole. (KoHLER, Miinz-Belustigung, xi., 25.) CHARLES of LORRAINE, Elector, and Prince-Bishop of TREVES in 1715, used an escucheon; Quarterly of six, i and 4. OsNABRUCK; 2 and 5. Trier ; 3 and 4. Abbey of Prum. Over all a quartered escucheon of his personal arms {v, p. 71). (KcHlLER, Miinz-Belustigung, vol. xiii.) Franz Conrad, Baron von Root, Cardinal and Bishop of CONSTANZ (1750-1775) bore: Quarterly, i and 4. Argent, a cross gules (See of CONSTANZ) ; 2 and 3. Per pale Or, and gules a fess argent (...). Ente en pointe Or, two hands and arms in chevron issuing front clouds in base of the flanks and holding together a key with double wards in pale (Provost of ElSGARN in Austria ?) Over all an escucheon surtout Argent, a cross gules. The shield is supported by two lions rampant double-tailed. The external ornaments are as usual. (Gatterer, Heraldik 25.)

On many of the seals of the Prince-Bishops of HiLDESHElM given in Harenberg {Hist. EccL), the escucheon of the personal arms of the prelate is placed en surtout upon that of the See : — Per pale argent and gules, so that the latter has at first sight the appearance of ^ bordure divided per pale.

Sometimes the disposition described above was reversed, and the arms of the See occupied the escucheon en surtout above the personal quarterings. Thus Mar- QUARi) II. ScHENCK VON Castell, Prince-Bishop of EICIISTADT (1637- 1685) bore: Quarterly, i and 4. Argent, a stags attire gules (SCHENCK VON Ober- BEVERN) ; 2 and 3. Argent, two lions passant in pale double queuhgidcs, crowned or (ScilE-SCK VON Landeck;

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and over all the arms of the See of ElCHSTADT, Gtdes, the luad of a crosier in pale argent

Occasionally the arms of the See were placed in chief above the personal arms, whether these were a plain or a quartered coat. Thus Paulinus Meyr, Prince- Bishop of Brixen (1677-1685) bore: Quarterly of six,

1. Gules^ a P asclud- Lamb proper {iox the See of Brixen) ;

2. Argent y an eagle displayed crowned or^ over all a pastoral staff in fess of tlie last (Chapter of Brixen) ; 3 and 6. Gules, a pelican in piety or ; 4 and 5. Azure, an arrow in bend argent, flighted, or between two mullets of the last. Here the four lower quarters contain the personal arms. So also Balthazar von Promnitz, Prince-Bishop of Breslau in 1551 bore his official arms in chief above his personal ones, thus : — Per fess (A) per pale {a) Breslau (p. 272) and {b) SiLESiA (p. 272) both for his principality. (B.) Per pale (a) Gules, an arrow in bend between two estoiles argent, (b) Argent, two bends sable. On a champagne azure two lions passant in pale or. Similarly, the Archbishops of SALZBURG usually placed in chief above their personal bearings, the two impaled coats which formed the arms of their See {vide p. Zj\ Other examples of this arrangement will be found recorded in later pages of this book.

An exceptional arrangement, affording an example of the rare quartering per saltire, was adopted by Adam Friedrich of the Counts von Seinsheim, Prince- Bishop of WuRZBURG (1755-1779, and of Bamberg in 1757)- Quarterly per saltire, i and 4. See of BAMBERG ; 2. Franconia ; 3. WuRZBURG (these are all given on p. 88). Over all a coroneted shield of SEINSHEIM, viz. : Quarterly, i and 4. Paly of six argent and azure ; 2 and 3. Or, a bear rampant sable. The Supporters were two Bamberg lions rampant sable, each debruised by a bend argent. The usual external ornaments are used, the princely hat, sword, and crosier.

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With regard to the external ornaments employed heraldically to denote Episcopal rank we find that at first the crozier or pastoral staff was alone employed. GuiL- LAUME DE Brie, Bishop of Dol in 1387, has on his seal his arms ; — Argent three bars creneUs sable; a crosier is placed behind the shield. (MORICE, Histoire EccUsias- tique et Civile de Bretagne, Paris, 1742, tome ii., 16.) Geoffroi, Bishop of QuiMPER in 1365, whose arms Argent on a chief . . . three fleurs-de-lis . . . used the same (Jbid,y tome ii., cxxxiv.). [We may notice that in 1298 Geoffroi, Bishop of Treguier. used a counter- seal on which in a quatrefoil is an eagle displayed between two croziers of which the crooks are turned inwards, there is no shield. {Ibid., tome i. cxxiii., and our Plate XXXVI., fig. 2)]. The learned herald Pere Menestrier observes that in his time (1673) the Italian Bishops timbred their shield of arms with the mitre only, and that the French Bishops often placed the pastoral staff alone behind the escucheon. But he adds that both mitre and staff were used and cites as an early example the arms upon the tomb of Bishop BUCCAPADULI {c. 1414) in the Church of San Marcello, at Rome. In Magneney's Recueil des AnneSy Paris, 1633, we find a large store of Episcopal arms, which show clearly what were the usual external ornaments employed in France at that date. Many Bishops were content to use only the green Episcopal hat above the shield, but even here the tendency to assume a little more than was right is evident, the hat instead of having, as it had originally only, six houppes on either side (1.2. 3.) has invariably ten (i. 2. 3. 4.) like that of an archbishop. This tendency to assumption went on increasing among the clergy (just as among the lay nobles of the time the coronet of a higher grade was continually assumed) until it became — and I may add that in Great Britain it still is — extremely difficult in

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many cases to determine the exact ecclesiastical rank of a Roman Catholic prelate from the bearings employed upon his seal, etc. If the Bishop was a member of a family who used a coronet, this was interposed between the shield and the hat ; and this was the case also when a temporal dignity such as that of prince, duke, or count was attached to the See {vide pp. 33 and 34). Other Bishops who did not use a coronet, placed the full- faced mitre on the top edge of the shield to the dexter, and the head of the crosier, turned indifferently outwards or inwards, appears on the sinister, a small portion of the staff is visible in base. In Magneney's book these Bishops have their proper hat with the six hotippes only. Again there were others who used the mitre and crosier, and a coronet, beneath the hat. In this case the coronet immediately surmounts the shield, the mitre and crosier appear above it. Here again the head is turned indif- ferently in or out. We may repeat what has already been said in the case of abbots, that bishops and abbots used the crosier ritually in exactly the same way. There is no solid foundation for the idea that it is improper to represent a bishop with the crook of the pastoral staff turned inward, or an abbot with the crosier head turned outward. As a matter of fact on the earliest seals the staves of the bishops generally have the head turned inwards, an arrangement which was almost neces- sitated by the contraction of the vesica towards the top. But I have already noticed (pp. 70, 80) that heraldically there was in early times a custom of differentiating the insignia as above ; which, however, had nearly passed away so far as the crosier was concerned, before the seventeenth century. CHARLES l)E Balzac, Bishop- Count of NOYON, who died ip 1642, has his arms {Azure, three saltires couped argent two and one ; on a chief or^ as many saltires couped of the first) surmounted by his coronet of nine pearls ; to the right of it is a small mitre,

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to the left the head of the crosier turned inwards, the whole is beneath the green Episcopal hat (but with ten liouppes on either side). HENRI Baradat, Bishop of NOYON, d, 1600 {Azure^ a fess argent between three roses or barbed vert) omitted the coronet, and used the full- faced mitre and crosier (head turned inward) beneath the same hat (GuiOAKi), i., 71). The Bishop of Mknde in France had the title of Count de Gevaudan and claimed its sovereignty. The Royal letters patent of Louis VII. to the Bishop AUBERT, in 1160 are in Fawn (pp. 161- 162 English edition). A sceptre of gold was carried before the Bishop, who used the coronet of a Count.

The use of the Temporal Sword.

Examples have been already given in which the sword of temporal authority was added by Abbots and Bishops to the pastoral staff and mitre as an external ornament of the shield. Erlang, Bishop of WuRZBURG (1106-1121) is said to have originated this use. The Emperor Henry V. desired to obtain possession of the Duchy of Franconia (which belonged to the See of WuRZHURG), in order to bestow it on his nephew the Duke of SWABIA. But the prelate desiring to show his determination to defend the possessions of his Church, caused a naked sword to be borne before him when he officiated, and this custom was retained by his successors (NoLDENlUS, De Statu Nobiliuvt, cap. xvii., § 31 (1619) ; and Praun, in BuR(;ermeister, Bibl, Equcstr,, ii., 889.) However this may be, many Bishops and Abbeys held their lands by military tenure, being bound to render personal service to the Suzerain in time of war. There is a formal Ordomiance relating to this military service in the Capitularies of CHARLES THE Bold. It is the eighth in order of those which were drawn up " in verno palatio'' under the presidency of Ebroin, Bishop of

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Poitiers, in the first year of Charles* reign, and is here subjoined : —

"VIII. Quoniam quosdam Episcoporum ah expedi- tionis labore corporis defendit imbecillitas, aliis autem vestra indulgentia cunctis optabilem largitur quietem, praecavendum est utrisque, ne per eorum absentia res militaris dispendum patiatur. Itaque si vestra consentit sublimitas homines suos reipub. profituros cuilibet fide- Hum vestrorum, quem sibi utilem judicaverint commit- tant, cujus diligentia ne se ab oflficio subtrahere valeat observetur."

" Les Ev6ques,chapitres, religieux, et clercs, qui tenaient terres en fief, etaient soumis au ban iet arrii^re-ban, et devaient Vost et la clievauclUer [La chezfaucJiee ^tait un service f^odal d(i par le vassal a son seigneur dans les guerres privies. Elle se distinguait ainsi de Vliost ou ost, qui ^tait le service militaire dii au roi pour les guerres generales. (Ch^RUEL, Dictionnaire Historique des Insti- tutions, etc, de la France, tome i., p. 151.)] " Us n*etaient point forces dialler eux-m6mes a la guerre, mais ils se faisaient repr^senter par leurs tenanciers." " Quand les ecclesiastiques entrerent par la possession des terres nobles dans la hierarchie feodale, ils furent, comme tous les vassaux, tenus du service militaire envers leurs suze- rains. Le plus souvent ils s*en acquittaient par pro- cureurs, de la Tinstitution des avoues et des vidames. Plus tard les ^vequcs et les monasteres se contenterent d*envoyer leurs tenanciers a Tost du roi, ou de payer une somme proportionnee 4 I'importance de leurs fiefs. Au XVIe siecle le clerg^ obtint la dispense du service moyennant une contribution d*hommes ou de Targent ; cctte dispense dcvint encore plus g^n^rale au siecle suivant, I'Eglise de France s'engageant, par contrat passe avec le roi, a payer une somme fixe pour subvenir aux frais de la guerre. N^anmoins pendant toute la dur^e du moyen Age, les ecclesiastiques parurent dans les

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armees, ils prenaient meme souvent une part active a la guerre. Les 6v^ues-Comtes de Beauvais portaient la cotte d'armes au sacre du Roi, en souvenir de Tun d*eux, Philippe de Dreux, qui 6tait repr^sent6 sur les vitraux de la CatWdrale en surplis avec la cotte d'armes. Ce belliqueux pr^lat fut emen^ prisonnier de guerre en Angleterre, et k la bataille de Bouvines, il se servait d*une masse d'arnnes pour se conformer aux preceptes de TEglise qui defend aux clercs de verser le sang."

La Roque has given (in his Traitd du ban et arriere- ban^ Paris, 1676) many ancient rolls in which were inscribed the names of all who owed military service to the King. One of these was drawn up in 12 14, at the time of the battle of Bouvines. The names of Arch- bishops and Bishops figure in these lists, as well as those of the lay-nobles, from all parts of France.

The Abbeys, independently of the contingent of men- at-arms which they were bound to contribute to the King for the fiefs which they held from him, were also his debtors for le droit de charroy. This obligation bound them to supply "^ leurs frais, missions et despens, un certain nombre de charrcttes couvertes, de chariots, de chevaux, ct de sommiers, pour aider a chargier, conduirc et mener en ledict ost et arm^e, harnois de guerre, artil- leries, vivres, ct autres choses nt^cessaires pour iccllc arm^e." In 1431 the clerics in the Duchy of BURGUNDV endeavoured to get quit of this obligation, but the Duke PlllLlPPK le Bon enforced it in the case of all who would not make a liberal pecuniary composition (see L'Hdraut dArmes, pp. 280, 281, Paris, 1863). CLEMENT Vaillant in his treatise, De I'Estat Ancien de la France^ has seven entire chapters on the military duties which Bishops and Abbots were obliged to perform by reason of the fiefs which they held by military tenure.

In the eighteenth century the arms of some of the Bishops of Durham (Bishops TREVOR, 1750; and

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Egerton) are represented with the sword, and crosier in saltire behind their arms {Herald and Genealogist^ vol. viii., 166-7), but these do not appear on their seals. The sword was of course allusive to their Palatinate jurisdiction.

MENfeTRlER remarks {MMode du Blason, p. 209) that certain of the French Bishops were accustomed to place a helmet on one side of the shield, and a sword on the other. These were the Bishops of Cahors, Dol, and Gap. He adds that the Bishop of MODENA did the same thing. In Magnenev's Reaieil des Amies (planche 13) the arms of R£VEL, Bishop and Count of DOL, viz., Argent, three trefoils vert^ have the Archi - episcopal cross placed in pale behind the shield, its head appearing above and between a mitre, and a coroneted helmet (with its lambrequins) both resting on the upper edge of the shield. The Episcopal hat, of six tassels on either side, surmounts the whole. The arrangement for the arms of Bishop De LA RoCHE of Cahors {ibid., planche 16) is, that the coronet of a count rests on the whole upper edge of the shield, and above it is placed a plumed front- faced helm, between a mitre on the dexter, and the head of the pastoral staff on the sinister. Both examples are engraved in our Plate XI. I have not, myself, met with an instance of the arms of the Bishop of Gap adorned with the helmet of which Pere Men^trier speaks above ; but in another work of the same author {VAbrdge M^thodique, p. 95) there is a different arrangement. The arms are those of Artus dk LlONNE, Bishop and Count of Gap {Gules, a column argent, on a chief cousu azure a lion passant of the second), (Plate XIII.) This escucheon is surmounted by the count's coronet, over which is the green Episcopal hat ; the pastoral staff and the naked sword are placed erect on either side of the shield upon the tassels of the hat, instead of being in saltire behind the shield, as is the

2. Db Ik BocLa, Biihop of Ctii-m (lOSD).

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more usual disposition. This latter mode was used, as we have already seen, by the Prince-Bishops and Abbots of the Roman Empire ; it was also employed by some Italian Bishops ; e,g,, the Bishops of VERONA, and (I think) of Reggio. A sword and helmet were certainly borne before the Bishop of Reggio, and placed on the altar when he celebrated Mass. In the account of the cere- monies which took place on Nov. lo, 1 505, on the occasion of the translation of the Image of Notre Dame di Reggio, we read {Prima parte delta relatione di Alfonso Joacht) " In ultimo sene usci di Chiesa con maesta decente Monsignor Vescovo, inanzi il quale era por,tato dal Signor Conte Paolo Manfredi, Cavaliere di S. J ago, con magnifica pompa, I'Elmo e lo Stoco pererogativa di Vescovi di Reggio, per lo titolo che conservano I'autorita che habevano di Principe. Posto lo stocco e Elmo su'l'altare secondo'l solito suo, M. Vescovo di richissimi habiti Pontificali adorno sen venne a dar principio al Santo Sacrificio de la Messa."

The Bishops of Lucca had, by Imperial concession, granted in 1121, the fus gladii et sanguinis in ViLLA Basilica, and to this the arms of that place very pro- bablyallude. They are : Argent.in cJiiefa sprig of basil ^and in base a scorpion^ both between two swords erect paleways^ all proper. {Le Anni dei Municipij Toscani ; ccxliv. Firenze, 1864.) A sword was borne before the Bishop of Ely as Chief Justice of the Isle of Ely until the close of the Episcopate of Bishop Sparkk in 1835